Izixeko ezithandathu ziqokelela iRhafu yeSoda kodwa uLuhlu lukhula
"IRhafu yeSoda"
Okokuqala, irhafu ayisebenzisi kuphela kwi-soda, ubuncinane kungekho kuwo onke amadolophu awaqokelelayo.
Ukufikelela kwisiphuzo sesiphunga endaweni yoko kunokusinceda ukuba uhlawule irhafu. Le ngqinisiso "yerhafu ephucukileyo" kwingingqi ezininzi, kwaye banemithetho eyahlukeneyo malunga nantoni na isiselo esiphumileyo.
Ingaba kufuneka iqulethe ishukela? Akunjalo. Ezinye iidolophu-nangona zingekho zonke - zibandakanya iziphuzo ezenziwe ngamakha amnandi. Yaye ngelixa isiphuzo sejusi singabonakali ngathi siphuzo esiphuzayo, sisenokuhlawulwa kwezinye iidolophu ukuba iqulethe ngaphantsi kwe-50 pesenti isiqhamo okanye imifuno. Iziphuzo zezemidlalo zinokubambiswa kunye nerhafu.
Inkomfa yomntwana ngokuqhelekileyo ixolelwe, kwaye ungakhathazeki ukuba ucela ushukela kwikhofi yakho. Kodwa i-Starbucks 'Frappuccino iya kufikelela kuwe kuba yenziwe ngokushukela. Kuthe kuthiwa ngotywala? Ezinye iidolophu ziyazikhusela le nto, kwakhona, kuba sele ihlawulwe.
Iirhafu zerhafu ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kweyesi-2 iisenti nganye. Oku kungabi ngathi kuninzi, kodwa kunokunyusa intlawulo "isiphuzo" sesiselo esingaphezu kwama-75 ekhulwini.
Ixabiso le-12-pack ye-Coca Cola inokubiza i-$ 2 ngaphezulu. Nangona ungekho uxanduva lokuhlawula irhafu kwiidolophu ezininzi, mhlawumbi uya kukushaya kwisikhwama sonke. Ngokuqhelekileyo iqokelele kubasemagqabini, abese badlulisela indleko kubathengisi abaza kuphakama amaxabiso ahlawulwe ngabathengi.
Kukho ezinye iintlawulo ezibizwa ngokuba yerhafu yesono .
Ziziphi izixeko eziqokelela le Rhafu?
Ngoko ufanele uxhalabele malunga nomxholo weshukela wento oyiphuzayo? Ukususela ngo-2017, izixeko ezithandathu zaqokelela le rhafu ngo-2017:
- Berkeley, eCalifornia : Kususela ngo-Matshi 1, 2015
- Albany, California: Ukususela ngo-Ephreli 1, 2017
- Oakland, California: Ukususela ngoJulayi 1, 2017
- Chicago, Illinois: Irhafu ithetha ngokubanzi kuyo yonke i-Cook County
- Philadelphia, Pennsylvania : Ukususela ngoJanuwari 1, 2017
- Boulder, Colorado : Ukususela ngoJulayi 1, 2017
I-Boulder inerhafu ephezulu kwi-2 cents nge-ounce, ilandelwa yi-Philadelphia kwi-1.5 cents. Abanye bahlawula i-cent cent.
Ezinye izixeko ezimbini zicwangciselwe ukuphumeza irhafu ekupheleni konyaka. Iya kusebenza ngoJanuwari 1, 2018 eSan Francisco naseSeattle. I-San Francisco iya kuqokelela i-cent cent, kodwa i-Seattle ifuna i-1.75 cents.
I-District of Columbia kunye neNew York City kuthiwa zicinga ngerhafu ye-soda, njengoko zizixeko ezahlukahlukeneyo eTexas, eNew York, eHawaii, eMassachusetts nase-Arkansas.
Kutheni Uhlawulisa Le Ntshisekelo yaseMelika
Umbuzo uhleli: Kutheni? Kutheni irhafu enjalo isiphuzo esibonakala singenakulungiswa?
Impendulo emva kweentlawulo ezininzi zisoloko zifumana ingeniso, kodwa izixeko ezenza ukuba ibango lefayili ye-soda likwazi ukuba nenzuzo yethu engqondweni, nayo. Ubuncinane umbutho omnye, i-Bloomberg Philanthropies, ithi irhafu kufuneka "ukunciphise imfuno yabathengi yokutya okungenakulungileyo kunye nokusela, ukuphucula indawo yokutya, nokwenza ukhetho olunempilo lube lula kuwo wonke umntu." Abanye bathi irhafu "ikhuthaza" iintsapho ukuba zifumane impilo .
IziNxila ezibandakanya iswekile zibangela izifo zentliziyo, izifo zesibindi, kunye nohlobo lwe-2 lwesifo sikashukela, kungakhankanyi ukugqithisa nokubola kwezinyo. Abaxhasi berhafu bathi i-sugar ishicilelo engaphezulu kwe-punch engaphilileyo kunokuba ushukela atholakala ekudleni, kwaye ukusela i-ounces ezingama-20 zesiselo esisiphuzo kuyalingana nokugwinya iipakethi ezingama-22 zeswekile.
Uphi Imali Eya Kuyo?
Ngokuqinisekileyo, imali ephumayo iyingxenye ebalulekileyo ye-equation ngokunjalo. Amagosa aseFiladelphia athi irhafu ye-soda iya kuxhasa iikholeji ezingaphezulu kwama-2 000 ezikolo zasemakhaya ezincinane ezifumana imali kwaye zizisa i-12.3 yezigidi zemali kwi-coffers yesixeko kwiinyanga ezimbini zokuqala. Injongo yeso sixeko kukufikelela kwiiRandi ezingama-91 ngasekupheleni kuka-2017.
UBerkeley uye wabela iqela lezondlo, ootitshala kunye nabasebenzi bokunakekelwa kwempilo ukuba bathathe isigqibo malunga nokuba iindleko zerhafu zerhafu ziya kwenza ntoni.
Izikolo apho sele zixhaswa ngemali kwiindawo zokulima kunye nokupheka okuphephile. Esi sixeko sitshilo sikhulise ngaphezu kwe-2.5,5 yezigidi ezivela kwerhafu, ubuncinane ngaphantsi kweenombolo eziphakamileyo zeFiladelphia, kodwa irhafu iqingatha ipesenti ngaphezulu kweeyure eFiladelphia kwaye isixeko sikhulu kakhulu.
I-Tax County tax ithetha kuphela i-cent cent, kodwa iquka indawo ezininzi ze-Chicago kunye namadlelo ayo. Kwaphakamisa izigidi ezingama-40 kwiinyanga ezintandathu zokuqala emva kokuqala ukusebenza ngeenjongo zezigidi ezingama-65 zeeRandi ngasekupheleni kuka-2017. Kodwa le ndawo yase-Illinois isebenza phantsi kwe-174.3 yeebhajethi zezimali kwaye izikhulu zathi zizimisele ukusebenzisa imali ukuze zifake umgodi kunokuba ufake imali kwiinkonzo zempilo okanye ezinye izinto zentsapho.
Akunjalo Ngokukhawuleza ... I-Soda Tax Tax Uprising
Lo unguMerika, inkcaso ayizange yamkele irhafu yesoda ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo apho zenziwe khona. Abathengi abaninzi abachaphazelekayo bathabatha indawo yokuba irhafu yi-Orwellian. Abafuni ukuba urhulumente uzame ukulawula into ethile njengabo ngabanye njengezidlo zabo. Abanikezeli baxela ukuba bajoliswe ngokungafanelekanga.
EFiladelphia, ishishini lokuphuza lenze isityholo malunga nomzi ngo-2017, enethemba lokunciphisa irhafu. Abanikazi bezinto kunye nabasasazo bathi ukuthengiswa kweziphuzo ezithambileyo kunye neziyobisi ezinxulumene nazo ziye zahlahla ukusuka kwi-15 ukuya kwi-45 ekhulwini ukususela kwirejista ye-soda yaphunyezwa kwaye oku kuye kwabangela ukuba abasebenzi bachithwe.
Irhafu ihlaselwa kwakhona kwi-Cook County. Ukususela ngoSeptemba 17, 2017, ivoti ilinde neBhodi Yase-Cook County malunga nokuba kufuneka ichithwe. I-Illinois Manufacturers 'Association iqulunqe ikomiti yezopolitiko ekuxhaseni.
Ngokumalunga nabathengi kule mizi, baye bafaka ingqungquthela. Ngokuqinisekileyo, uBerkeley uyaziqhayisa ukuba ukusela kweziphuzo ezinxilisayo kuyehla ngamaphesenti angama-21 emva kokuba irhafu yerhafu iphunyezwe, kodwa ngaba oko kuthetha ukuba abahlali basebenzisa ipop ngaphantsi? Abahlali baseFiladelphia nabaseCook County kuthiwa bawela iidolophu kunye nemigca yendawo yokuthenga ii-sodas kwenye indawo. Bika ingxelo yokuba abaphuza i-soda encinane. Abangayithengi ndawo, kwaye bazimisele ukuqhuba iikhilomitha ezili-10 ukuzithenga kwenye indawo. Amashishini asekuhlaleni athi kubangelwa yimali ngenxa yokuba, ngokuqinisekileyo, abathengi abahambanga yonke loo ndlela ukuze bathenge i-soda. Bathenga ezinye ukutya ngexesha belapho, kwaye abaninzi banqumla izithuthi zabo kude nekhaya.
Ngaba iRhafu engenamalungelo kwabanye abahlali?
Kuthiwani ngabo bangenako ukuhamba ukuya kwelinye idolophu okanye idolophu ukuthenga? Nangona iBerkeley ithi ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kuye kwanda ngamaphesenti angama-63 ngokumalunga nama-21 ekhulwini ekunciphiseni kwi-soda consumption, i-American Journal of Health Public ibonisa ukuba le datha ithathwa kuphela kwiindawo eziphantsi kweengeniso. Ingaba irhafu ityala elingenakulungeleka ukubeka abo abangenako ukukwazi ukumbamba iiswini zabo kunye noorhulumente basebenze indlela yabo malunga nerhafu? Abaphikisanayo bathi le nto yenzeke.
Hla umamele
Le yindlela entsha yokwenza irhafu, ngoko-ke hlalani uqaphele utshintsho entanyeni yakho yeemithi nokuba awuhlali kwindawo ekhoyo ngoku ukuqokelela irhafu. Intlawulo ye-soda enkulu kunazo zonke - enye eBerkeley-iphela ibe malunga neyesibini nesiqingatha seminyaka ngoSeptemba 2017. Izixeko ezininzi zinokungena kwi-bandwagon ngasiphi na ixesha, kwaye ukuxhathisa kwi-Cook County neFiladelphia kunokubakho. Irhafu ayikho into eqinisekileyo okwamanje eSan Francisco, nokuba ngabaphikisana nabo baphakamisa imbambano yokuba izitolo zomama-no-pop ziza kuthatha ukungathanga ngokungafanelekileyo kuba ziya kufuneka zihlawule abasebenzi abongezelelweyo ukujongana ne-accounting entsha kunye nemicimbi yokubala eyenziweyo yerhafu.
Ingaba irhafu ye-soda iya kukhula kwaye isasaze kwilizwe lonke okanye iya kupheliswa? Kuphela ixesha eliza kuxela.