Kutheni uRhulumente ehlawulisa isono
Iimali zeStar Sin
Kukho irhafu yentlawulo ye-cigarettes, i-alcohol, kunye ne-gambling winnings. Kukho kwakhona irhafu yentlawulo yombutho kwi-petroli, amathikithi e-airline kunye nezinye izinto ezinxulumene nempilo.
Ngo-2015, irhafu yentlawulo ye-federal ivelise i-$ 98.3 billion, okanye iipesenti ezi-3 zentlawulo yerhafu yombuso. Kuloo nto, iirhafu eziyi-14,5 zezigidi zerhafu zerhafu. Irhafu yongeza i-$ 1 kwipakethi nganye yecuba.
Iirhafu zotywala zanikela ngemali eyi-9.6 yezigidi kwiimali zentlawulo. Utywala ngu $ 13.50 ngobungqina bombono. Ubungqina obunjalo buyi-gallon yamanzi engama-50 ekhulwini kotywala. Iwayini yi-$ 3.40 nganye ngegaloni. Ubhiya yi-$ 18 ngombhobho, nangona i-micro-breweries ihlawula i-$ 7 ngomgqomo.
Iintlawulo zeSizwe zetyala
Amazwe angahlawulisa irhafu yesono. Ngo-2014, ithi iqokelele i-$ 32.5 billion kwiirhafu zesono. Baqokelela i-$ 16.9 billion kwiirhafu zerhafu. Bafumana i-$ 6.1 yeebhiliyoni zezotywala, iwayini, kunye nokuthengisa ubhiya. Bafumene i-$ 9.5 yezigidi zeerhafu kwiirhafu, kungabandakanyi imali ye-lottery.
Iintlawulo zesono zanikezela kuphela iipesenti ezi-3.8 zeengxowa-mali zelizwe. Ezinye iindawo zithembela kwiirhafu zesono kuninzi. Isiqithi saseRhode sincike kwiirhafu zesono kwi-15,9 ekhulwini yemali engenayo.
Kungenxa yokuba ine-casinos ezimbini zokugembula. Ukubetha ukugembula kweli hlabathi, eLas Vegas. I-Nevada iqokelela i-$ 900 yezigidi kwiirhafu kuma-casinos, kodwa isibonelelo sentlawulo kuphela sinika i-14,8 ekhulwini yengeniso. Ingeniso yelizwe ivumela i-Nevada ukuba ikhuphe irhafu yengeniso kubemi bayo.
Inkokhelo yesono yomyinge wesizwe i-$ 1.58 nganye ipakethi yecuba.
Kodwa ezo zivela kwi-$ .60 ipakethi ukuya kwi-3 ipakethi. Amanani aphantsi kunawo onke ase-Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, naseVirginia. Kananjalo banesisindo sokutshaya. IKentucky yiNombolo 1, kunye neepesenti ezingama-25.9 zabemi abavuthayo. I-West Virginia i-West Virginia, ngeepesenti ezingama-25.7. IGeorgia ineepesenti ezingama-17, iNorth Carolina ineepesenti ezingama-19, kwaye iVirginia ineepesenti ezingama-16.5.
Ireyithi yeerhafu yesizwe yotywala i-$ 4.56 nganye. I $ 0.85 nganye yegolon yewayini kunye ne-0.29 yecala nganye yegolon yebhiya.
Ezi zibini zithetha ngeendleko eziphezulu zokuphila nazo zinenani eliphezulu lentlawulo yesono. I-Alaska ihlawula i-$ 12.80 nganye kwi-gallon yotywala kunye ne-$ 2 nganye ipakethi ye-cigarettes. IHawaii yesibini, ukuhlawula i-$ 5.98 nganye kwi-gallon yotywala kunye ne-3.20 kwipakethi nganye yegayibha.
I-Wyoming ne-Missouri banesilinganiselo serhafu esona sona siphantsi. I-Wyoming ayinaso irhafu yotywala kwaye ihlawulisa i-0.60 yeedola nganye kwipakethi yamagarethi. I-Missouri ibeka i-$ 2 nganye kwi-gallon yotywala kunye ne-0.17 kwi-ipakethi nganye yeentshizi.
Iinkonzo
Kukho iingxoxo ezintathu ekuthandweni kweerhafu zesono. Badikibala ukuziphatha okubi, bayahlawula iindleko zomphakathi, kwaye bayathandwa ngabavoti.
Iirhafu zesono zonakalisa abantu ekuziphatheni kakubi . Ngonyaka ka-2009, urhulumente wezepolisi wakhupha irhafu yeruba nge $ 0.62 ipakethi.
Amazinga omtsha wokutshaya awela ngama-10 ekhulwini, kwaye ukuthengisa kwe-cigarette jikelele kuye kwehla kuma-8.3 ekhulwini. Phakathi kuka-2005 no-2015, ipesenteji yabantu abaye babhema bawa ngama-21 ukuya kwi-15 ekhulwini.
Ngokomzekelo, irhafu yeerhafu kwi-cigarettes iyanciphisa umfuno ngamaphesenti angama-4. Kukwabonakala ngakumbi kubantu abancinci. Ireyithi ye-10 yeerhafu inciphisa ukutshaya phakathi kwabadala abaneminyaka eli-12 ukuya kwe-11 kwi-9.
Kutheni i-state ifuna ukunciphisa ukutshaya? Umdlavuza womlenze yiyona nto ibangela umdlavuza wokufa. Phakathi kwama-80 ne-90 ekhulwini lomdlavuza wemiphunga ngenxa yokutshaya, ngokutsho kweNational Cancer Institute. EKentucky, urhulumente kunye nokusetyenziswa kwegwayi ephezulu, unelinye lezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lomhlaza womphunga.
Iirhafu zoncedo zithi zihlawule iindleko zokuphatha imiphumo yempilo yoluntu yokubhema, ukusela, kunye nokugembula. Kodwa amazwe achitheli imali eninzi yengeniso yerhafu kwiinkonzo zempilo njengoko banako.
Ierhafu yeruba nayo yerhafu yasePigouvian . Iquka izindleko zoluntu zokufundisa abantu ngomdlavuza wamaphaphu, kwaye ineziphumo kunye neengxaki zayo .
Iirhafu zesono ziphezulu kakhulu kwezopolitiko kunokuphakamisa inzuzo okanye irhafu yokuthengisa. Ngokwe-Campaign ye-Tobacco-Free Kids, i-national and state polls "iqhubekile ibonisa inkxaso ephakamileyo yokuvota". Ngo-2017, ama-57 ekhulwini aseMerika axhasa iirhafu zesono kwi-soda ukuba imali yayisetyenziselwa iinkqubo zempilo yabantwana.
Umxhasi
Kukho ezintathu iingxabano ezinkulu malunga nokusetyenziswa kweerhafu zerhafu. Ziyabuyisa, azisebenzi, kwaye aziyiyo imithombo yenkxaso-mali enzileyo.
Iintlawulo zesono zihlaziyekile ngenxa yokuba zibeka umthwalo onzima kumahlwempu kunotyebi. Kwiintsapho ezihluphekileyo, inxalenye enkulu yengeniso ihlawula indawo yokuhlala, ukutya kunye nokuthutha. Naliphi na irhafu linciphisa amandla abo okufikelela ezi zinto ezisiseko. Obutyebi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, unokukwazi ukufumana izinto ezisisiseko. Imirhumo iyancipha amandla abo okutshala imali kwiisitokisi, zongeza kwi-savings, okanye zithenga izinto zokunethezeka. Iintlawulo zesono zihlaziyekile ngenxa yokuba zithatha ipesenti enkulu yomvuzo womntu osweleyo.
Ierhafu zerigarethe yerhafu yeerhafu. Abantu abahluphekayo banako ukutshaya. U-Gallup Poll we-2015 ufumene ukuba malunga nama-30 ekhulwini abo bafumana i-$ 24,000 okanye ngaphantsi. Iipesenti ezi-13 kuphela zalabo benza imali engaphezu kwama-90,000. I-fifth-earning fifth-allocated 1.3 percent of their spending for cigarettes, xa kuthelekiswa ne-0.3 ekhulwini kwi-five-earning-fifth.
Into eyinkimbinkimbi kukuba abantu abafumana imali abaphantsi bayabaphendulela ngakumbi kwiirhafu zesono. Isiqingatha esona sibi kakhulu sabasheyayo banciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwesigaretye ngokuphindwe kane kwisigxina esona sithinteleyo xa iintlawulo zandisa ixabiso. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abangaphantsi kwe-intlupheko bahlawula i-11,9 ekhulwini kwenyusa irhafu. Kodwa bafumana i-46.3 yepesenti yenzuzo njengoko kulinganiswa ngokufa okumbalwa.
Ierhafu zerhafu azinjalo. U-Gallup Poll we-2015 wathola ukuba iipesenti ezingama-27 zalabo abafumana imali engaphantsi kwee-30,000 zamawaka babika ukuba baphuze ngaphezu kokuba bafanele. Akukho ngaphezulu kwama-24 ekhulwini abo bafumana i-$ 75,000 okanye ngaphezulu abavakalisa okufanayo. Iipesenti ezili-18 kuphela zala maqela aphantsi-mali afumana isiselo kwisiselo seeyure ezingama-24 zokugqibela, xa kuthelekiswa nama-47 ekhulwini kwiqela elinenzuzo ephezulu. Ingxelo yeMali yabathengi ifumene ukuba iqela elifumana imali ephantsi lichithe iipesenti ezi-0.8 zengeniso yabo kotywala. Iqela elifumana imali ephezulu lichithe iipesenti ezili-1.1.
Iirhafu zesono azisebenzi kuwo wonke umntu . Abanye abantu baya kusasa, basele kunye nokudlala. Kungenxa yokuba ezi ziphatha ziyalutha. Ipesenti encinci yabantu yenza ininzi yokusetyenziswa. Amaphesenti amahlanu ukuya kwe-10 ebantwini anesifo sengqondo. Kodwa batshisa iipesenti ezingama-40 zonke iigarethi. Izilingo zabo zibangela ukuba balahlekelwe yimpilo, imisebenzi kunye namakhaya. Iirhafu ezimbalwa azikhuseli. I-Ofisi yeSizwe yoPhando loQoqosho ifumene ukuba irhafu kufuneka iphindwe kabini intlawulo yepakethi ye-cigarettes ukunciphisa abantu abadala ukutshaya nangama-5 ekhulwini.
Abanye abantu batshintshela kwizinto ezininzi ezilimazayo xa iintlawulo zesono ziphakamileyo. Ucwaningo lufumanisa ukuba intsha ishintshela i-marijuana xa iindawo ziphakamisa iintlawulo zeebhiya. Ababhemayo kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zerhafu bakhethe ugwayi kunye ne-tar ephezulu kunye ne-nicotine ukuze bafumane "i-bang buck yabo".
Iintlawulo zesono azikho umthombo onokuthenjelwa weengeniso zengqesho ezide kwixesha elide . Abantu batshaya ngaphantsi. Ama-Amerika ayidla iigreyidi ezingama-299 ngonyaka ka-2010, ezantsi kwi-456 billion ngonyaka ka-2000.
Amanqaku asetyenziswa njani iNgeniso
Ngo-2011, i-spent spending $ 658 yezigidi kwi-tobacco control and prevention. Oku kungaphantsi kwama-3 ekhulwini weengxelo zelizwe ezivela kwerhafu yecuba. Kuphela kuma-17.8 ekhulwini kwinqanaba eliphakanyiswe ngamaziko okuLawula izifo.
Ngo-2005, iindleko zorhulumente jikelele ekusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kunye nokulutha kweziyobisi kwakuyi-468 yezigidigidi zamaRandi. Kuloo, iibhiliyoni ezingama-207 ezigidi ziye zonyango. Basebenzisa iiRandi ezigidi ezingama-47 kwiindleko zobugebengu. Izigidigidi ezingama-8.9 zamawaka ezigidi ziye zaza ekuthintela nasekukhuselweni. Kwidola ngalinye elichithwe ekukhuselweni nasekunyangeni, urhulumente wachitha imali engama-dollar 60 kwimiphumo.
Imbali
Ngomnyaka ka-1776, uAdam Smith wabhala ukuba irhafu kwi-cigarettes, rum, kunye noshukela zifanelekile. Ezi zinto zingabalulekanga kubomi kodwa zigqitywa kakhulu. Urhulumente wezepolisi waqala ukukrasa iteksi ngexesha leMfazwe yombutho. Kwiminyaka ye-1920, irhafu yeruba yanda kakhulu njengoko ukukhangisa kuphindwe kabini inani lababhemayo. Ngo-1951, irhafu yombuso yayiyi-$ 0.08 ipakethe nganye. Ngowe-1983, iphindwe kabini ukuya kwi-0.16 ipakethi, ke i $ 0.39 ipakethi ngo-2002.