I-Charter Founding ye-UN imisela ezine iinjongo zokuzikhangela. Igcina uxolo lwamazwe ngamazwe, okona msebenzi wesikhathi esigcwele ngokwawo. Olunye uhambo lwee-UN luye lunceda ukufezekisa le njongo. Ikhuthaza ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kwamalungu ayo.
Ilungisa iingxaki zamazwe ngamazwe kwaye ikhuthaza amalungelo abantu. Ivumelanisa nezenzo zalo malungu.
I-UN inamanye amanyathelo. Isebenza ekuncedeni amazwe ukunciphisa indlala, izifo, nokungafundi. Ikhuthaza uphuhliso oluzinzileyo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ikhusela ababaleki, inikezela ngoncedo lweentlekele kunye nophuhliso loqoqosho. Ibala ubungqina bokhukhuni, ikhuthaza ukwanda kwe-nyukliya kunye nokucima umhlaba. Kwakhona kugxininise ekukhuseleni amasiko asekuhlaleni.
I-UN isebenza njani?
I-UN ayilona urhulumente kwaye akanalo ilungelo lokwenza imithetho ebophayo. Kunoko, isebenzisa amandla okukholisa. Zonke iintlanga zifaka isandla kwisabelo-mali se-UN, ngoko ngamnye "unesikhumba emdlalweni." Ixhasa iimali ezithile ze-UN, ezifana ne-$ 200 yezigidigidi zamandla angcolileyo. Amazwe amancinci azuzwa ukuba le migudu isetyenziswe kwiindawo zabo. (Umthombo: "Nantsi into eyenziwa ngu-UN UN 2014," iKicker, Septemba 24, 2015)
Wonke amalungu ayavota kwiintlanganiso zeNdibano.
Oku kunika iinqununu ze-UN izigqibo zokuziphatha. Izigqibo ze-UN zibonakalisa ixabiso kunye neenjongo ezininzi zamalungu ayo. Ngaloo ndlela, amazwe angayithobeliyo ayazi ukuba bancinci.
Iikomiti zee-UN zixoxisana ngezivumelwano ezininzi ezinika amanye amazinyo kwimigaqo yayo. Edibeneyo, bakha umzimba womthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
(Umthombo: "i-UN ngokufutshane," iZizwe eziManyeneyo.)
I-UN ihlelwe njani?
I- UN General Assembly yenziwe ngabameli bonke amazwe. Idala izikhokelo ezikhokela umsebenzi wemihla ngemihla yamabhodi kunye namabhunga phantsi kwawo. Intlanganiso ihlala iiveki ezimbalwa ngoSeptemba ngamnye nyaka. Oku kunika iinkokeli zehlabathi ithuba lokuhlangana kunye nokwenza ubudlelwane bokusebenza.
Ubunobhala buqhuba umsebenzi wemihla ngemihla yoMbutho. IBhunga lezoKhuseleko likhetha inkokeli yalo, uNobhala-Jikelele.
IBhunga lezoKhuseleko lweZizwe eziManyeneyo liyinxalenye enkulu yeUN. Igunya layo kukugcina uxolo. Amalungu amahlanu asisigxina yiChina , iFransi, iRashiya , iUnited Kingdom kunye ne-United States. I-General Assembly ikhetha amalungu ayishumi angagxininisi anamagama amabini eminyaka.
Wonke amalungu e-UN kufuneka ahambisane nezigqibo zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko. Ibhunga lithumela imikhosi yokugcina uxolo ukubuyisela umyalelo xa kufuneka. IBhunga linokunyanzelisa izigwebo zorhwebo okanye ukuxhomekeka kweengalo kumhlaba onxinzelelweyo angayithobeli. Igunyazisa amalungu ayo ukuba athathe inxaxheba emkhosini xa kuyimfuneko. Oku kunika amazinyo e-UN ukuba agxininise izigqibo zawo kuwo onke amalungu.
IBhunga lezoQoqosho neNtlalo lidibanisa umsebenzi wezoqoqosho nezentlalo kwi-UN.
I- International Court of Justice ikhona eHague eNetherlands. Ilungisa iingxabano zomthetho phakathi kwamazwe.
Amalungu
Kukho amalungu angama-193 e-UN. I-United States iyamkela amazwe angama-195. Amabini angewona amalungu e-UN aKosovo kunye ne-Holy See. I-Russia ayiyi kuvumela iKosovo ukuba ilungu kuba liyijonga iphondo laseSerbia. I-Holy See ayizange ifake isicelo sokuba ubulungu, nangona ikhona "indawo yokugcina isigxina".
I-UN inike iPalestina "isimo sokugcina isigxina", nangona iUnited States ibona ukuba yinxalenye kaSirayeli. I-China ithathe indawo eTaiwan, ngoku iqwalasela iphondo.
Amazwe onke athanda uxolo azimisele kwaye akwazi ukufeza izibophelelo zawo phantsi kwe-Charter ye-UN angakwazi ukujoyina i-UN. Wonke amalungu eBhunga lezoKhuseleko kufuneka avumele.
Emva koko, i-sibini yesithathu ye-General Assembly kufuneka iphinde ivume ubulungu. Nantsi uluhlu lwamalungu alungu, iiflegi zabo, kwaye xa bajoyine.
Imbali
Ngo-Oktobha 24, 1945, iintlanga zokuqala ezingama-50 ezazingamalungu e-UN zivumelanise umqulu wayo. UMongameli we-United States uFranklin D. Roosevelt wacela ukudalulwa kwe-UN nakwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. KwiSibhengezo seZizwe eziManyeneyo, ii-Allies zenze isithembiso sokusebenzisana ukuze zimise i-Axis. Iimbambano ezine ezinkulu zi-United States, i-United Kingdom, i-Russia ne-China. Ezinye iAllies zibandakanya amanye amazwe angama-22.
Ulawulo lwe-FDR lusebenze neCongress ukuze lenze i-charter ye-UN eyayinayo inkxaso kunye namazinyo okulawula. UMongameli Harry Truman waqhubeka nomzamo emva kokufa kuka-FDR. Ngo-Juni 26, 1945, amalungu adala i-Charter ye-UN kwiNkomfa yaseSan Francisco. UTruman waqinisekisa ukuba iCongress yamqinisekisa ngokukhawuleza.
UMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo ngowamazamo okwesibini kwiqhinga loxolo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngowe-1919, uMongameli wase-US uTolrow Wilson waphakamisela i-League of Nations emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Unamalungu angama-58 kodwa iUnited States yayingeyena wabo. ICongress yenqaba ukuvuma ubulungu, yokwesaba ukuba yayiza kubangela iMelika ukuba ibe yimfazwe emininzi. Abaninzi bacinga ukuba iLungu lehlulekile ngenxa yokuba ayikuthintela ukuqubuka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. (Umthombo: "iUnited States kunye nokuSungulwa kweZizwe eziManyeneyo," iSebe lase-US loLondolozo lweeNdawo.)
Ezinye iindibano ze-UN
Kwi-UN, kukho i-arhente eyaziwayo eziqhuba umsebenzi wayo. I-International Atomic Energy Agency inceda ekukhuseleni ukwanda kwenyukliya kunye nokutshabalalisa okungenzeka yimfazwe yenyukliya emhlabeni jikelele.
Inhlangano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo zezeMfundo, iNzululwazi kunye neNkcubeko ijongana nendlala emhlabeni.
I-United Nations ye-International Children's Emergency Fund igxile ekukhuselweni nasekukhathaleleni abantwana behlabathi.
I- Bhanki yehlabathi inikezela ngoncedo lwezezimali kunye nezobuchwepheshe kumazwe athengisayo athengisayo .
I-World Health Organization ihlola ukuphazamiseka kwezifo kwaye ihlola ukusebenza kweenkqubo zezempilo.
I- North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ibambiswano lamazwe angama-26 adalwe ukukhuthaza uxolo eYurophu .
I-Ofisi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kwiZiyobisi kunye noLwaphulo-mthetho isekela imizamo yelizwe ukuyeka ukuthengiswa kwabantu. Inika ulwazi kunye nophando kwiingxaki zehlabathi.
Iindlela ezine ze-UN zichaphazela uqoqosho lwe-US
I-UN ithenga iimpahla kunye neenkonzo ze-US, iqeshe amaMelika kunye neenzuzo zamashishini aseNew York City. Uphando lwe-UN lubonisa ukuba, yonke i-$ 1 efunywe yi-United States kwi-UN, ifumana i-1.50 yezigidi ngokubuyisela.
Imisebenzi yokugcina uxolo, ii-arhente ze-UN, kunye nokulungiswa kwekomkhulu le-UN kuphela yongeze malunga ne-$ 3.5 billion kwizoqoqosho zase-United States.
I-UN isebenze iinkampani zaseUnited States ukuxhasa ama-US kwimisebenzi yokugcina uxolo eHaiti, eLebhanon, eSudan naseLiberia. Ngo-2009, eli lilonke ligidi ezingama-319 yezigidi.
Inkqubo yoPhuhliso lwe-UN yenza ishishini kunye nabathengisi abangaphezu kwe-1,800 base-US.