Indlela YaseYurophu yaba Ngamandla Ezoqoqosho
Ziziphi iilizwe eziMalungu e-EU
Amazwe angama-28 amalungu aseUnited States: i-Austria, iBelgium, i-Croatia, iCroatia, iRiphabhlikhi yaseCzech, iDenmark, i-Estonia, iFinland, iFransi, iJamani , iGrisi , iHungary, iIreland, i-Italy, iLatvia, iLithuania, i-Luxembourg, i-Malta, i-Netherlands, i-Poland, EPortugal, eRomania, eSlovakia, eSlovenia, eSpain, eSweden nase- United Kingdom .
Oku kuya kwehla ukuya kuma-27 xa i- Brexit ibangela i-UK ukuba ihambe kwi-EU.
Ingaba isebenza kanjani
I-EU iphelisa yonke imida yokulawula umda phakathi kwamalungu. Oko kuvumela ukuhamba kweempahla kunye nabantu, ngaphandle kokuhlola okungafunekiyo kulwaphulo-mthetho kunye neziyobisi. I-EU ithatha ubuchwepheshe bezobugcisa kwiindawo zayo. Imimandla enenzuzo ukukhuselwa kwendalo, uphando nophuhliso, namandla.
Izivumelwano zomntu zivulekele kubathengi nakweliphi na ilungu lelizwe. Nayiphi na imveliso eyenziwe kwelinye ilizwe ingathengiswa kunaliphi ilungu ngaphandle kwemirhumo okanye imisebenzi. Imirhumo yonke imiselweyo. Abasebenzi beenkonzo ezininzi (umthetho, amayeza, ukhenketho, ibhanki, i-inshurensi, njl.) Unokusebenza kuwo onke amazwe. Ngenxa yoko, iindleko zeenqwelo-moya, intanethi, kunye nefowuni ziwile ngokuphawulekayo.
Indlela Elawulwa ngayo
Amabhunga amathathu aqhuba i-EU. IKhunga le-EU limela oorhulumente belizwe. IPalamente ikhethwa ngabantu.
IKomishoni yaseYurophu ngabasebenzi base-EU. Baqinisekisa ukuba onke amalungu asebenza ngokuqhubekayo kwimimandla yengingqi, yezolimo kunye neyentlalo. Iminikelo ye-€ 120 yezigidigidi ngonyaka ukusuka kumazwe angamalungu axhasa i-EU.
Nantsi indlela imizimba emithathu ibambelela ngayo imithetho elawula i-EU. Ezi zichazwe kwiinkalo zezivumelwano kunye nemigaqo exhasa:
- IKhunga le-EU libeka imigaqo-nkqubo kwaye iphakamisa imithetho emitsha. Inkokeli yezopolitiko, okanye uMongameli we-EU, ibanjwe yinkokeli eyahlukeneyo emva kweenyanga ezintandathu.
- Ipalamente yeYurophu ixubusha kwaye iyavuma imithetho ephakanyiswe yiBhunga. Amalungu ayo atyulwa minyaka emihlanu.
- Abasebenzi beKhomishini yaseYurophu kwaye baqhuba imithetho. UJean-Claude Juncker unguMongameli kude kube ngo-2019.
Indawo yeSchengen
Indawo yeSchengen iqinisekisa ukuhamba ngokukhululekile kwabo bahlala ngokusemthethweni kwimida yabo. Abahlali kunye neendwendwe banokuwela imida ngaphandle kokufumana ii-visa okanye ukubonisa iipassports zabo. Kuphelele, kukho amalungu angama-26 eServen Area. Zizo: i-Austria, iBelgium, i-Czech, iDenmark, i-Finland, iFransi, i-Jamani, iGrisi, iHungary, i-Iceland, iItaly, iLatvia, iLiechtenstein, iLithuania, i-Luxembourg, i-Malta, i-Netherlands, iNorway, i-Poland, iPortugal, iSlovakia, iSlovenia, ESpain, eSweden naseSwitzerland.
Amazwe amabini e-EU (iIreland nase-UK) anqabile inzuzo yeSchengen. Amazwe amane angewona ama-EU (i-Iceland, iLiechtenstein, i-Norway, neSwitzerland) eyamkele iSivumelwano Schengen. Imimandla emithathu ngamalungu akhethekileyo e-EU kunye nxalenye ye-Schengen Indawo: iiAzores, Madeira, kunye neCanary Islands.
Amazwe amathathu avule imida evulekileyo kwindawo yeSchengen: iMonaco, iSan Marino kunye neSixeko saseVatican.
I-Euro, i-Eurozone kunye ne-ECB
I- euro iyimali eqhelekileyo kwingingqi ye-EU. Yona yeyona nto yesibini ibanjwe kakhulu kwihlabathi, emva kweDola yama-US. Kwathatha indawo ye-lira yaseNtaliyane, iFrench franc kunye neJamani Deutschmark.
I-eurozoni iqukethe onke amazwe asebenzisa i-euro. Wonke amalungu e-EU athenjela ukuguqula i-euro, kodwa kuphela i-19 kuphela. Zi-Austria, Belgium, eCyprus, e-Estonia, eFinland, eFransi, eJamani, eGrisi, e-Ireland, e-Itali, eLatvia, eLithuania, eLuxembourg, eMalta, e-Netherlands, ePortugal, eSlovakia, eSlovenia naseSpain. I-euro yenziwa ngo-2005.
I- European Central Bank ibhanki ephakathi ye-EU. Ibeka umgaqo-mali wemali kwaye ilawula amaxabiso okubolekwa kwebhanki kunye nokugcinwa kwemali-mali .
Ixabiso layo lokujoliswa kwexabiso lentengo lingaphantsi kwama-2 ekhulwini.
Le tstshi ibonisa ukuba mazwe ngamalungu e-EU, i-eurozone kunye ne-Schengen.
| Amazwe | Ilungu le-EU | Schengen | Yurophu |
|---|---|---|---|
| E-Austria, eBelgium, e-Estonia, eFinland, eFransi, eJamani , eGrisi , e-Italy, eLatvia, eLithuania, eLuxembourg, eMalta, e- Netherlands, ePortugal, eSlovakia, eSlovenia naseSpain | Ewe | Ewe | Ewe |
| ICzech Republic, iDenmark, eHungary, ePoland, eSweden | Ewe | Ewe | Hayi |
| Ayalend | Ewe | Hayi | Ewe |
| EBulgaria, eCroatia, eRomania | Ewe | Ku lindele | Hayi |
| Sayiprasi | Ewe | Ku lindele | Ewe |
| Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, eSwitzerland | Hayi | Ewe | Hayi |
| iunited Kingdom | Ukuphuma | Hayi | Hayi |
Imbali
Ngomnyaka we-1951, imbono yendawo yokurhweba yaseYurophu yayisungulwa okokuqala. I-European Coal and Steel Community inamalungu asisiseko ayisithupha: iBelgium, iFransi, iJamani, i-Italy, i-Luxembourg kunye ne-Netherlands. Ngowe-1957, iSivumelwano saseRoma sakha imarike efanayo. Iphelile imisebenzi yamasiko ngo-1968. Yenza imigaqo-nkqubo emiselweyo, ngokukodwa kwizorhwebo nokulima. Ngowe-1973, i-ECSC yongeza iDenmark, i-Ireland ne-UK. Yakha iPalamente yokuqala yokuqala ngo-1979. IGrisi yajoyina ngo-1981, ilandelwa yiSpain nePortugal ngo-1986.
Ngowe-1993, iSivumelwano saseMaastricht sakha iYurhwebo yeYurophu. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, i-EU yongezelela i-Austria, iSweden neFinland. Ngo-2004, amazwe alishumi elinambini ajoyina: iBulgaria, iCyprus, iCzech Republic, i-Estonia, iHungary, iLatvia, iLithuania, iMalta, iPoland, iRomania, iSlovakia neSlovenia.
Ngo-2009, iSivumelwano saseLisbon sandisa amandla ePalamente yaseYurophu. Yanika i-EU igunya lokusemthethweni lokuxoxisana nokusayina izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe. Yandisa ukongamela umda we-EU, ukufuduka kwamanye amazwe, ubambiswano lwezobulungisa kwimicimbi yoluntu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokusebenzisana kwamapolisa. Yashiya ingcamango yoMgaqo-siseko waseYurophu. Umthetho waseYurophu usasungulwa ngamazwe ngamazwe.
Iindaba
Brexit. NgoJuni 23, 2016, iUnited Kingdom yavota ukushiya i-European Union. Kungathatha iminyaka emibini ukuxoxisana nemimiselo yokuphuma. Amanye amalungu e-EU acele ukuhoxiswa kwangaphambili. Ukungaqiniseki kukunciphisa ukukhula kwamashishini kumaqumrhu asebenza eYurophu.
Iinkampani zase-US zizityalo-mali ezinkulu kwi-Great Britain. Baye batyala imali eyi-588 yezigidigidi kwaye baqesha abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi. Ezi nkampani ziyisebenzisa njengendlela yokungena ngentengiso kunye ne-EU. Utyalo-mali lwaseBritani eUnited States lusezingeni elifanayo. Oku kunokuchaphazela kwizigidi ezi-2 zase-US / zaseBrithani. Akungaziwa ngokukodwa ukuba bangaphi abantu abemi base-US.
Ngomhla emva kokuvota, iDow yawa ngamanqaku angama-600 . I- euro yawa kweepesenti ezi-2 kwi $ 1.11 . Xa ubhekene nobunzima obukhulu, ixabiso legolide laphakama ngamaphesenti angama-6 ukusuka kwi-$ 1,255 ukuya kwi-1,330 yezigidi.
Yintoni eyabangela Brexit ? Abaninzi e-UK, njengakwizinye iintlanga ze-EU, bakhathazekile ngokuhamba ngokukhululeka kwabafuduki nababaleki. Abayithandi imithintelo yebhajethi nemimiselo emiselwe yi-EU. Bafuna ukufumana inzuzo yokuhamba ngokukhululeka kwexabiso kunye nezorhwebo, kodwa kungekhona iindleko.
Inkcenkceshe yabaPhepheli. Ngo-2015, i-1.2 yezigidi zababaleki base-Afrika kunye neMbindi Mpuma zithela ngemida yazo. Ngomhla woNyaka omtsha we-2016, iqela leentshaba eziphangiweyo kunye nokuhlaselwa ngokwesondo ngabafazi abangama-600. Ngenxa yoko, amazwe amaninzi aseUnited States agxininiswe kwimida yawo. Abangama-8,000 abafudukayo eGrisi. I-EU isayine isivumelwano kunye neTurkey ukuba ibuyise ababaleki abaye bafikelela eGrisi. Ukubuyisela, i-EU iya kuhlawula iTurkey yeebhiliyoni ezingama-6. Ngo-Septemba 2017 ukhetho, inkcaso kubabaleki ixabisa iqela likaMerkel ngobuninzi kwikarhulumente.
Inkcazo yeMatyala yamaGrike. Ngo-2011, ingxaki yeMatriki yaseGrisi yayisongela ingqalelo ye-eurozone. Kungenxa yokuba iphantse iqhube iimeko ezixhamlayo kwiPortugal, e-Italy, e-Ireland naseSpeyin. Iinkokeli ze-EU zaqinisekisa abatyali-mali ukuba kuya kuma emva kweemali zamalungu abo. Ngelo xesha, babeka amanyathelo okunyanzelisa ukukhusela iindleko zelizwe. Bafuna onke amalungu ukuba ahloniphe imithwalo yematyala ebekwe yiimfuno zeMatriki.
UCrisis Financial Financial 2008. NgoJulayi 2008, i-ECB yanda amazinga ukuya kuma-4.25 ekhulwini ukulwa ne-4% yexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso elibangelwa ngamaxabiso aphezulu eoli . I-euro yomeleza, iyanciphisa intengiso ye-EU. Amakhomishini e-Factory ahlawule iipesenti ezi-4.4, ukuhla kwehle kakhulu ukususela ngo-2003.
I-ECB yatshintshela ekuhlaleni- ngokubhekisele ngo-Oktobha, xa uLehman Brothers behlaselwa. Ngomhla ka-Meyi 2009, iyanciphise ireyithi kuma-1 ekhulwini Kodwa yaqala ukuphakamisa amazinga kwakhona ngokukhawuleza. NgoJulayi 2011, izinga lalingama-1.5 ekhulwini, ukudala i-credit crunch kunye nokunciphisa imali. NgoDisemba ka-2011, lehlisa izinga lehla ukuya kuma-1 ekhulwini. Ngo-Matshi 2015, i-ECB yaqala ukuthenga i-€ 60 yezigidigidi kwiibhondi ze-euro ngenyanga. Ukuqaliswa kwayo kokunciphisa okwehliswayo kwanyusa ixabiso le-euro ukuya kwi $ 1.06 ukusuka kwi $ 1.20 ngoJanuwari. Ukususela ngoko, i- euro ukuya kutshintshwa kweedola iye yaqina.
Ngonyaka ka-2007, i-EU yaba yinto ephezulu kwezoqoqosho . Umkhiqizo wayo wekhaya wawuyimali eyi-14.4 trillion, ukubetha i- GDP yase - US eyi-13.86 trillion. I-EU ibanjelwe kwindawo yayo yephambili kwiinkalo zezimali zango - 2008 kunye neengxaki zemali ze- eurozone . Ngo-2013, iUnited States yaphinda ibuye ibe yindawo yayo ehamba phambili. I-China yathatha indawo ephezulu ngo-2014.
Ixabiso le-euro laqhubeka liphakama de kubekho ingxaki yemboleko ngo-2007 . Ngaloo xesha, kwakukho ubalekele kwi-dollar, eyomeleza idola . Ubuthathaka be-euro abuzange bukhulise amazwe ngaphandle kwexabiso ngenxa yexabiso eliphantsi komhlaba.