Ukufuna, Akuyona Imali, Yenza Ihlabathi Lijikeleze
Imfuno yinto eqhelekileyo eqhuba yonke into kwezoqoqosho. Ngethamsanqa ngezoqoqosho, abantu abanelisekanga.
Bahlala befuna ngaphezulu. Oku kuqhuba ukukhula koqoqosho kunye nokwandiswa. Ngaphandle kwemfuno, akukho shishini luza kuphazamisa nayiphi na into.
Izigqibo zeMfuno
Kukho iinqununu ezinhlanu zemfuno . Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yintengo yezinto ezilungileyo okanye inkonzo ngokwayo. Okulandelayo yintengo yeemveliso ezinxulumene nazo, ezithatha indawo endaweni okanye ezongezelelweyo. Iimeko ziqhuba ezintathu zilandelayo: iingeniso zabo, iimfuno zabo kunye nokulindela kwabo.
Umthetho Wokufuna
Umthetho wesidingo ulawula ubudlelwane phakathi kobuninzi obufunekayo kunye nexabiso. Lo mgaqo-qoqosho uchaza into osuyenayo intuitively know, ukuba ixabiso liya kunyuka, abantu bathenga ngaphantsi. Ingqungquthela yinyani, yinyaniso, ukuba ixabiso lihla, abantu bathenga ngaphezulu. Kodwa, ixabiso aliyena kuphela umlinganiselo wokumisela. Ngako oko, umthetho weemfuneko unyanisekileyo ukuba zonke ezinye izigqibo azitshintshi. Kwizoqoqosho, oku kuthiwa yi- ceteris paribus . Ngako oko, umthetho weemfuno uthi ngokucacileyo, i- ceteris paribus , ubuninzi obunyanzelekileyo okanye inkonzo ihambelana nexabiso.
Ukufuna iShedyuli
Ishedyuli yesidingo yitheyibhile okanye ifomula ekwazisa ukuba zininzi iiyunithi ezilungileyo okanye inkonzo ziya kufunwa ngamanani athile, i- ceteris paribus .
Ifuna i Curve
Ukuba ubuza kucwangcisa ukuba zingaphi iiyunithi onokuzithenga ngamaxabiso ahlukeneyo, ngoko udale i- curve yesidingo . Ibonisa ngokucacileyo idatha kwifom yesidingo.
Xa i-curve yeemfuno ipholile, ngoko abantu baya kuthengwa ngakumbi nangona ixabiso liguquka elincinci. Xa i-curve imfuno ihambile, kunokuba ubuninzi obufunwayo abuguquki kakhulu, nangona ixabiso lithatha.
Ukunyuka kweMfuno
Ukufuna ukunyaniseka kubhekiselele ukuba kuninzi kangakanani, okanye ngaphantsi, kufuna ukutshintsha xa ixabiso lithatha. Ukulinganiswa ngokukodwa njengomyinge, ukutshintsha kwepesenti yobungakanani obufunwa ngokwahlukileyo ngepesenti yenguqu. Kukho amazinga amathathu ekufuneka kube nzima:
- I-unit elastic ishixa ixabiso liguqulela i-pesenti efanayo ngelixabiso.
- Ukuncibilika xa ixabiso litshintsha ngepesenti enkulu kunexabiso.
- I-Inelastic yintoni xa iimfuno zitshintsha iipesenti ezincinci kunexabiso.
Uluhlu lweMfuno
Imfuno ebanzi , okanye imfuno yemarike, enye enye indlela yokuthetha ukuba kufunwa nayiphi na iqela labantu. Iinqununu ezinhlanu zomfuno ngamnye zilawula. Kukho nesithandathu: inani labathengi kwimarike.
Isidingo esipheleleyo selizwe lilinganisa ubuninzi beempahla okanye iinkonzo ezivelisayo ezifunwa ngabantu basehlabathini. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, lenziwe ngamalungu amahlanu afanayo okwenza umkhiqizo wekhaya olubi :
- Inkcitho yabathengi .
- Utyalo-mali lwezoshishino.
- Inkcitho kaRhulumente .
- I ntengiso .
- Ukungeniswa kwezinto , ezikhutshwe kwixabiso elibanzi kunye ne-GDP.
Amashishini axhomekeke kwiimfuneko
Wonke amashishini azama ukuqonda okanye ukukhokela umfuno wabathengi. Zingabokuqala okanye ezincinci ekuhambiseni iimveliso kunye neenkonzo ezilungileyo. Ukuba kukho into ebaluleke kakhulu, amashishini enza imali engenayo. Ukuba abanako ukwenza ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo, ixabiso liya kunyuka. Ukuba ukongezwa kwamanani kuncedisa ixesha elingaphezulu kwexesha, ngoko unako ukunyuka kwamaxabiso .
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba imfuno iyancipha ke amashishini aza kuqala ahlawule intengo, enethemba lokutshintsha imfuno esuka kumashishini abo kwaye athathe inxaxheba emarike. Ukuba iimfuno zingabuyiselwa, ziya kuvuselela kwaye zenze umveliso ongcono. Ukuba ixabiso alikhiphi, iinkampani ziya kuvelisa ngaphantsi kwaye zibeke abasebenzi. Isigaba sokuqhawulwa komjikelo wezoshishino singagqiba ekudlubeni .
Imfuno kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo wezeMali
Urhulumente waseburhulumenteni uzama ukulawula imfuneko yokuthintela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okanye ukunyuka kwemali. Le meko efanelekileyo ibizwa ngokuba yi- Goldilocks kwezoqoqosho . Abenzi bomgaqo- nkqubo basebenzise umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali ukwenzela ukukhulisa imfuno ekudlubeni okanye ukunciphisa imfuno kwixabiso lentengo. Ukwandisa imfuno, ityaphula intela, ukuthenga iimpahla kunye neenkonzo ukusuka kumashishini. Kwakhona kunika inkxaso kunye neenzuzo ezifana neenzuzo zokungasebenzi . Ukunciphisa imfuno, inokuphakamisa irhafu, ukunciphisa iindleko kwaye ihoxise inkxaso kunye neenzuzo. Oku kuvame ukubacaphukisa abaxhamli kwaye kukhokelela kumagosa akhethiweyo ukuba axoshwe kwiofisi.
Imfuno kunye neNkqubo yeMali
Ngaloo ndlela, ukulwa kwamanani amaninzi okunyuka kwamaxabiso kushiywe kwi- Federal Reserve kunye nomgaqo-mali wemali . Isixhobo esisebenzisekayo kakhulu se-Fed sokunciphisa umfuno sandisa amaxabiso, okwenzayo ngokunyusa amaxabiso . Oku kunciphisa ukunikezelwa kwemali , okunciphisa ukuboleka. Ngaphantsi kokuchitha, abathengi kunye namashishini banokufuna okungakumbi, kodwa banemali encinane yokwenza nayo.
I-Fed nayo inezixhobo ezinamandla zokwandisa imfuno. Iyakwenza amanani athengwe ngokunciphisa amazinga omyinge kunye nokwandisa imali yokunikezelwa kwemali. Ngemali engaphezulu yokuchitha, amashishini kunye nabathengi banokuthenga ngaphezulu.
Nokuba iFed iyancitshiswa ekukhuliseni imfuno. Ukuba ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kuhlala kuphakamileyo ixesha elide, abathengi abanayo imali yokufumana iimfuno eziphambili. Akukho mali yezinga elincinci lenzalo elinokubancedisa, kuba abanako ukuxhamla ngemali mboleko ephantsi. Bayafuna imisebenzi ukuze banikele ngeniso kunye nokuzithemba kwixesha elizayo. Ngako oko, imfuno isekelwe kwintembelo kunye nokwaneleyo, imisebenzi ehlawula kakuhle. Izindlela ezifanelekileyo zokudala le mi sebenzi yintlawulo karhulumente ngokuhamba ngokubanzi kunye nemfundo.