Impembelelo Yenkxaso YezeMali Ingxaki
Akubandakanyi ezinye iintlobo zobutyebi, njengotyalo- mali , ukulingana kwekhaya, okanye i-asethi. Kufuneka bathengiswe ukuguqula imali. Kwakhona akubandakanyi iitaliti, njengemali mboleko, iimali zokuthenga kunye namakhadi ekwereta. Abantu basebenzisa le mali njengenjongo yokuphucula umgangatho wabo wokuphila, kodwa abayingxenye yonikezelo lwemali.
Indlela Ukubonelela Ngayo Imali
I- Federal Reserve isebenza ngemali ye-US nge-M1 ne-M2. Ifomu lemali kakhulu ye-M1. Iquka imali ejikelezayo. Akwabandakanyi imali egcinwe kwiNondyebo yase-US, iibhanki ze-Federal Reserve kunye neendawo zeebhanki. Iquka zonke iitshekhi zokuhamba. Iquka ukujonga idipozithi ye- akhawunti , kuquka abo bahlawula umdla. Akubandakanyi ukujonga iifomethi ezigcinwe kuma-akhawunti karhulumente wase-US nakwamabhanki angaphandle.
I-M2 iquka yonke into kwi-M1. Yongeza i-akhawunti yokulondoloza, i-akhawunti yemarike yemali , kunye nemali yemarike yemali. Iquka ixesha lokufaka imali phantsi kwe-$ 100,000. Akubandakanyi naziphi na ezi zale akhawunti ezigcinwe kwi-akhawunti ye-IRA okanye yeKoeo yomhlalaphantsi. Iingxelo zeFed kuzo nganye iveki.
I-M3 iquka yonke into kwi-M2, kunye nexesha elide elide kunye neemali zemarike zemali . I-M4 iquka iM3 kunye nezinye iipositi. Amanye amabhanki aphakathi kwamanye amazwe afaka iifom ezongezelelweyo zemali, nangona iinkcazo zicaca kwaye ziyahlukahluka kwilizwe elizwe.
Ukubonelela ngemali ayikho ixesha elide
Ukunikezelwa kwemali ngokuqhelekileyo kwandiswe kwaye kukhontrakthi kunye noqoqosho kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, u-Economist uMilton Friedman uthe ukubonelela ngemali kwakuyinqondiso efanelekileyo.
Kodwa ngo-1990, olo dlelwane lushintshile. Abantu bathabatha imali kwi-akhawunti yokugcina imali enomdla ophantsi kwaye batyala imali kwimarike yempahla .
I-M2 yawa njengezoqoqosho kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kwanda. Uwayesakuba nguMongameli we-Federal Reserve u-Alan Greenspan wayibuza ubuchule bemilinganiselo yokubonelela ngemali. Uthe ukuba uqoqosho luxhomekeka kwi-M2 yokunikezela ngemali yokukhula, kuya kuba semali . Ngenxa yeso sizathu, i-Federal Reserve ayisayi kuseka ithagethi yemali.
Ingakanani Imali E-United States
NgoNovemba 2017, i-M1 yayingu-3.628 trillion. Kuloo nto, i-$ 2.1 trillion yabanjwa ngokujonga i-akhawunti. Amanye (i-$ 1.5 trillion) yayiyimali kunye nokuhlolwa kwabahambi. Ingaphezulu kwe-$ 1 triliyoni i-$ 100 zeebhilikhwe. Olunye u-300 wezigidigidi zeeRandi ezingama-20 zeebhilikhwe kunye namanye amahlelo angaphantsi. Kukho iibhiliyoni ezingama-300 kwii-bhenkethi eziphezulu eziza kubaqokeleli.
Amabhanki ayibambe loo mali. Yonke isasazwa. Yile mali eyi-11,000 ngemali nganye kwikhaya. Uninzi lwabantu basebenzisa amakhadi okubambisa kunye namatyala endaweni yengxowa. Oko kuthetha ukuba mhlawumbi isetyenziswe ngabantu abangafuni ukuba imali yabo ingeniswe kwi-IRS. Ezibandakanya izigwenxa, apho i-sikhwama singabamba i-dollar eyi-dollar eyi-dollar eyi-100.
Kule nto, i-sibini yesithathu yabangelwa ngaphandle kwelizwe. Amashishini amaninzi aphumayo asebenzisa i-greenback njengengxenye yemali yabo engathandekiyo.
Njengokuba abaninzi abahambahambayo bayazi, i-bill ye-20 yeyona ntlawulo ilungile emhlabeni jikelele.
Ikwaquka kwakhona abo bafake izibonelelo zokukhubazeka kweNtlalo. Inani elinyukayo labantu abangaphantsi kwe-60 lenze njalo ukususela ekuhlaleni. Basenokusebenza emisebenzini engaphantsi komhlaba ehlawula imali kuphela. Ngaloo ndlela ayifuni ukuyibika kwi-IRS kwaye ilahlekelwe zizibonelelo zayo.
I-M2 yayiyi-13.785 trillion. Uninzi lwalo (i-$ 9.1 trillion) lwangokugcinwa kweengxelo. Iimarike zemali zenze i-$ 702 yezigidigidi kunye nexesha lokufaka idiphozithi zenze i $ 400 billion. Bonke abanye babeyi-M1.
Ukwandiswa koNcedo lweMali aluyi kudala imveliso
Ngo-Apreli 2008, i-M1 yayingama-1.4 trillion kwaye i-M2 yayiyi-7.7 trillion. I-Federal Reserve iphindwe kabini imali yokunikezelwa kwemali ukuphelisa ingxaki yemali ka - 2008 . Inkqubo ye- easing program yohlengahlengayo yongezelela i-$ 4 triliyoni ngeebhanki kwiibhanki ukugcina ixabiso lentengo phantsi.
Abantu abaninzi banenkxalabo yokuba i-Fed enkulu yokujola imali kunye nekhredithi yayiza kubangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso . Njengoko ishati engezantsi ibonisa, ayizange.
| Unyaka | M2 (i zigidi) | Ukukhula kweM2 | I xabiso | IsiGqeba soHlelo lweShishini |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | $ 3.2 | 3.7% | 6.1% | Ukubuyisela |
| 1991 | $ 3.4 | 3.1% | 3.1% | |
| 1992 | $ 3.4 | 1.5% | 2.9% | Ukwandiswa |
| 1993 | $ 3.5 | 1.3% | 2.7% | |
| 1994 | $ 3.5 | 0.4% | 2.7% | |
| 1995 | $ 3.6 | 4.1% | 2.5% | |
| 1996 | $ 3.8 | 4.9% | 3.3% | |
| 1997 | $ 4.0 | 5.6% | 1.7% | |
| 1998 | $ 4.4 | 9.5% | 1.6% | |
| 1999 | $ 4.6 | 6.0% | 2.7% | |
| 2000 | $ 4.9 | 6.2% | 3.4% | |
| 2001 | $ 5.4 | 10.3% | 1.6% | Ukubuyisela |
| 2002 | $ 5.7 | 6.2% | 2.4% | Ukwandiswa |
| 2003 | $ 6.0 | 5.1% | 1.9% | |
| 2004 | $ 6.4 | 5.8% | 3.3% | |
| 2005 | $ 6.7 | 4.1% | 3.4% | |
| 2006 | $ 7.0 | 5.9% | 2.5% | |
| 2007 | $ 7.4 | 5.7% | 4.1% | |
| 2008 | $ 8.2 | 9.7% | 0.1% | Ukubuyisela |
| 2009 | $ 8.5 | 3.7% | 2.7% | |
| 2010 | $ 8.8 | 3.6% | 1.5% | Ukwandiswa |
| 2011 | $ 9.6 | 9.8% | 3.0% | |
| 2012 | $ 10.4 | 8.2% | 1.7% | |
| 2013 | $ 11.0 | 5.4% | 1.5% | |
| 2014 | $ 11.6 | 5.9% | 0.8% | |
| 2015 | $ 12.3 | 5.7% | 0.7% | |
| 2016 | $ 13.2 | 7.4% | 1.0% | |
| 2017 | $ 13.8 | 4.9% | 2.1% |
(Umthombo: "Imilinganiselo yeMali," iBhodi yabaGqwetha kwiState Reserve System.)
Kungenxa yokuba ukwandiswa kwe-Fed kwenkxaso-mali abatyala inzuzo kunabathengi. I-Fed yanikela ibhanki ityala lokuboleka abathengi kunye namashishini amancinci. Oku kwakuya kubangela ukuba kufunwa. Amabhanki akhalaza ukuba abakwazanga ukufumana ababolekayo bemboleko.
Kunoko, imali ye-Fed yakha uluhlu lweebhola . Ngo-2011, abatyali-mali batshintshela kwimpahla, bathumela amaxabiso egolide kwiirekhodi eziphezulu. Abatyalomali bajika batshintshela kumanqaku eNondyebo ngo-2012, ngoko ke iimpahla ngo-2013, kunye ne- dollar yase - US ngo-2014 no-2015. Ukwandiswa kwemali-mali akusoloko kubangelwa yimbangela yokunyuka kwamaxabiso . (Umthombo: "Ingxowa ingaba yinkqubo, kodwa ayizange ihambe," iBarron, ngoMeyi 18, 2015.)