Ngaba i-Fed eqinisile "iMbutho eyimfihlo" Elawula Imali Yakho?
Ulwakhiwo lweNkqubo
Ukuqonda indlela i-Fed isebenza ngayo, kufuneka ukwazi isakhiwo sayo.
I-Federal Reserve System inezinto ezintathu. IBhodi yabaPhathiswa ilawula umgaqo-mali wemali. Amalungu ayo asixhenxe anembopheleleko yokubeka izinga lokunciphisa kunye neemfuno ezigcinwe kwiibhanki zamalungu. Abasebenzi bezoqoqosho bezezimali banikezela ngokuhlalutya. Ziquka iNcwadi yeBeige yenyanga kunye neNgxelo yeMali yeNkcazo yonyaka .
IKomidi yeSouthern Market Market ijongene nemisebenzi yemarike evulekileyo . Oku kuquka ukubeka ijolise ekujoliswe kuyo kwinqanaba lemali elondliwe , elikhokelela kwizinga lentengo . Amalungu ebhodi kunye nabameli bobhanki aba-12 ngamalungu. I-FOMC idibana namaxesha asibhozo ngonyaka.
I-Federal Reserve Bank ilawula iibhanki zorhwebo kwaye iphumeze umgaqo-nkqubo. Basebenza nebhodi ukujongana neebhanki zorhwebo. Kukho enye ekhoyo kwisithili ngasinye se-12.
Imisebenzi emine ye-Federal Reserve System
Umsebenzi we-Federal Reserve obaluleke kakhulu kwaye ubonakala ukuqhuba umgaqo-mali wemali . Yenza oku ukulawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso nokugcina amanani azinzileyo.
Ukwenza oko, i-Fed ibeka ipesenti ye- inflation engama-2 kwinqanaba lokunyuka kwamaxabiso . Kwakhona ilandela umsebenzi ophezulu. Injongo yentsingiselo yemvelo yengqesho engama-4.7 ukuya kuma-5.8 ekhulwini. I-Fed ihlawulisa iirhafu zentsholongwane zangexesha elide ngemisebenzi yemarike evulekileyo kunye nexabiso lokunyusa imali. Injongo yomgaqo-nkqubo wezemali ukukhula koqoqosho olusempilweni .
Olu joliso li-2 ukuya kwe-3 ekhulwini lokukhula kwemveliso yasekhaya .
Okwesibini, i-Fed ilawula kwaye ilawula amaninzi ebhanki yesizwe ukukhusela abathengi.
Okwesithathu, kugcinwa ukuzinza kweemarike zezemali kunye neengxaki zengxaki.
Okwesine, unikeza iinkonzo zebhanki kwezinye iibhanki, urhulumente wase-US kunye namabhanki angaphandle.
1. Indlela eLawula ngayo imveliso
I-Federal Reserve ilawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ngokulawulwa kwemali- mboleko, inxalenye enkulu kunikezelo lwemali . Yingakho abantu bathi i-Fed iprints imali . I-Fed ivumela iitaliti ngokunyusa amazinga omyinge kunye nokwenza iitaliti ebiza kakhulu. Oku kunciphisa imali yokubonelela kunye nokunciphisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Kutheni ukulawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kubalulekile kangaka? Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okuqhubekayo kufana nesifo somhlaza esichukumisayo esonakalisa nayiphi na inzuzo yokukhula.
Xa kungekho mngcipheko wokunyuka kwamaxabiso, i-Fed yenza i-credit ishibhile ngokunciphisa amaxabiso enzala. Oku kwandisa ukwanda kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezoshishino. Oko ekugqibeleni kunciphisa ukungasebenzi . I-Fed ihlola ixabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso ngokwexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso, njengoko lilinganiselwe yiNkcitho yabathengi yabathengi ngabanye . Ikhupha ukutya okuphazamisayo kunye nexabiso lentengo kwixabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ukutya kunye namaxabiso egesi aphakama ehlobo kwaye awele ebusika.
Oko kukhawuleza kwiFed ukulawula.
I-Federal Reserve isebenzisa umgaqo-mali wokunyuselwa kwemali xa ihlawula ixabiso lentengo. Okunyusa imali kunye nokuthengwa kwemali. Oku kwenza uqoqosho lukhule ngokukhawuleza kwaye ludale imisebenzi. Ukuba uqoqosho lukhula kakhulu, lubangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Kule ngongoma, i-Federal Reserve isebenzisa umgaqo-mali we-contractionary kwaye iphakamisa inzala . Inzala ephakamileyo yamanqaku yenza ukuboleka kubiza. Ukunyuka kweendleko zemali mboleko kukhula ngokukhawuleza nokunciphisa amathuba okushisa amanani. Abadlali abaphambili ekulwa nokunyuka kwamaxabiso yizihlalo ze-Federal Reserve. Ezi ziintloko ezilawula iirhafu zenzalo zeFed.
Izixhobo ezixhasiweyo: I-Federal Reserve ibeka imfuno yendawo yokugcina ibhanki yesizwe. Ithi ibhanki kufuneka ibambe ubuncinane iipesenti ezili-10 zeepositi zabo ngesandla ngobusuku bonke.
Eli phesenti nakuba lingaphantsi kwiibhanki ezincinci. Bonke abanye bangahlawulwa. Ukuba ibhanki ayinayo imali eyaneleyo ekupheleni kosuku, iboleka oko ifuna kwezinye iibhanki. Iimali ezibolekayo ziyaziwa njengeemali ezondliwe . Amabhanki ahlawulana ngomlinganiselo weengxowa-mali ezondliwe kule mboleko.
I-FOMC iseka ithagethi yezinga lokuhlawula imali kwiintlanganiso zayo zenyanga. Ukuyigcina isondele ekujoliswe kuyo, i-Fed isebenzisa imisebenzi evulekileyo yemarike ukuthenga okanye ukuthengisa iziqinisekiso ezivela kwiibhanki zayo. Yenza i-credit ngenxa yomoya ococekileyo ukuthenga ezi ziqinisekiso. Oku kunempembelelo efanayo nokushicilela imali. Oko kwongeza kwiindawo zokugcina ibhanki ziyakwenza imali kwaye zikhokelela ekunciphiseni izinga lokunyusa imali. Ukwazisa kwezinga lokuhlawula imali elikhoyo ngoku libalulekileyo kuba le nqanaba liyingcambu kumakethi eemali.
2. Indlela ejongene ngayo neNkqubo yeBhanki
I-Federal Reserve ijongene neenkampani eziphathekayo zebhanki ezi-5,000, ii-850 zebhanki zombuso ze-Federal Reserve Banking System, kunye nawaphi na amabhanki angaphandle asebenza eMelika. I-Federal Reserve Banking System yinkonzo yeebhanki ze-Federal Reserve ezizimeleyo zogada kwaye zikhonza njengeebhanki kuzo zonke iibhanki zorhwebo kwimimandla yazo.
Iibhanki ezili-12 zifumaneka eBoston, eNew York, ePhiladelphia, eCleveland, eRichmond, e-Atlanta, e-Chicago, eSt. Louis, eMinneapolis, eKansas City, e Dallas naseSan Francisco. Ibhanki yokuThengisa ikhonza i-US Treasury ngokusingatha iintlawulo zayo, ukuthengisa izibambiso zikaRhulumente kunye nokuncedisa ukuphathwa kwemali kunye nemisebenzi yokutyalomali. Iibhanki zokugcina ziqhuba uphando oluxabisekileyo kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho.
UMthetho we- Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform waqinisa amandla eFed phezu kweebhanki. Ukuba nayiphi na ibhanki iba enkulu kakhulu ukuba ingaphumeleli , inokuguqulwa kwi-supervision Federal Reserve. Kuya kufuna iimfuno ezikhuselekileyo zokukhusela naliphi na ilahleko.
U-Dodd-Frank naye wanikela iFed igunya lokulawula "amaziko abaluleke kakhulu." Ngo-2015, i-Fed yadala iKomiti yoLawulo lokuPhathwa kweZiko eliMkhulu. Ilawula iibhanki ezili-16 ezinkulu. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo, ixanduva lokuhlolwa koxinzelelo lwangonyaka lweebhanki ezingama-31. Ezi mvavanyo zichonga ukuba iibhanki zinemali eyaneleyo yokuqhubeka nokwenza imali mboleko nangona inkqubo iwahlukana njengoko yenza ngo- Oktobha 2008 .
Ngomhla kaFebruwari 3, 2017, uMongameli uTumpump wazama ukuphazamisa uDodd-Frank . Watyikitya umyalelo olawulayo owayalela uNobhala wezeNondyebo ukuba ahlaziye iindawo ezifuneka zilungiswe. Kodwa ezininzi zezo migaqo sele zifakwe kwiimvumelwano zebhanki zamazwe ngamazwe.
3. Indlela Egcina ngayo Ukuzinza kweNkqubo yeMali
I-Federal Reserve isebenze ngokusondeleyo kunye neSebe leNondyebo ukukhusela ukuhlahloka kwezimali emhlabeni jikelele ngexesha leengxaki zemali ngo-2008 . Yakha izixhobo ezininzi ezitsha , kubandakanywa neSibonelelo seNkcazo seNkcitho, iMali yeMali-mali yeMali-mali yokuThengisa iMali, kunye neNkqantosi yokuPhepha . Inkcazo yokubethelwa yento yonke eyenzekayo ngeli xesha liqhubeka, inqaku elithetha ngokungenelela kwe-federal kwingxaki yebhanki ka-2007 inika ingxelo ecacileyo.
Kwiminyaka emibini ngaphambili, i-Federal Reserve yangena kwiNkqubela yoLawulo lweXesha elide . Izenzo ze-Federal Reserve zenza ngcono ukunyamezeka okukhulu kowe-1929 ngokuqinisa umnini-mali ukukhusela umgangatho wegolide .
4. Indlela ekubonelela ngayo ngeeNkonzo zeBhanki
I-Fed ithenga i-US Treasury evela kurhulumente wephondo. Oko kuthiwa imali yokwenza imali . Kungenxa yokuba i-Fed idala imali eyisebenzisayo ukuthenga i-Treasurys. Yongeza imali eninzi kwimali. Kule minyaka eyi-10 edluleyo, i-Fed izuze i-$ 4 billion kwi-Treasurys. Yingakho abantu bebuza, " Ngaba imali yokushicilela i-Federal Reserve? "U
I-Fed ibizwa ngokuba yi "bhanki yebhanki." Kungenxa yokuba nganye ibhanki ye-Reserve igcina imali, iinkqubo zokuvavanya, kunye neyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu, yenza iingxowa-mali zamalungu ayo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo zokugcina indawo xa zifuneka. Ezi mboleko ziyenziwe ngefasitela yokuphuhlisa kwaye zihlawuliswa izinga lokunciphisa , elinye elibekwe kwiintlanganiso zeFOMC. Eli nqanaba liphantsi kunezinga lemali elondliwe kunye ne- LIBOR . Uninzi lweebhanki lugweme ukusebenzisa iwindow esaphulelo ngoba kukho ukuhlaselwa. Kucingwa ukuba ibhanki ayikwazi ukufumana iimali mboleko kwezinye iibhanki . Yingakho i-Federal Reserve iyaziwa njengebhanki yesigqibo sokugqibela.
Imbali
I-Panic ka-1907 yavuselela iNkongolo ukuba yenze i-Federal Reserve System. Yayisungula iKomishoni yeSizwe yezeMali ukuvavanya impendulo engcono kakhulu ekuthintela ukuphazamiseka kwezemali eziqhubekayo, ukungaphumeleli kwebhanki kunye nokuchithwa kwamashishini. I-Congress yadlulisela uMthetho we-Federal Reserve wama-1913 ngo-Disemba 23 waloo nyaka.
Inkomfa ekuqaleni yayilungiselele iFed "ukubonelela ukusekwa kweebhanki zeState Reserve, ukubonelela ngemali ye-elastiki, ukufumana indlela yokufumana iphepha lokuthengisa ngokutsha, ukuseka ukuphathwa kwebhanki e-United States nakwezinye iinjongo." Ukususela ngoko, iCongress yenze umthetho ulungelelanise amandla kunye neenjongo zeFed.
Ngubani ophethe imali?
Ngokwenene, ilungu leebhanki zorhwebo liyi -Federal Reserve . Babamba izabelo zeebhanki ze-Federal Reserve. Kodwa oko akubaniki amandla ngenxa yokuba abavote. Kunoko, iBhodi kunye neFOMC yenza izigqibo zeFed. I-Fed iyazimeleyo kuba ezo zigqibo zisekelwe kuphando. UMongameli, iSebe leNondyebo le-US, kunye neCongress azivumelani nezigqibo zayo. Kodwa, amalungu ebhodi akhethwe ngumongameli kwaye avunywe yiCongress. Oku kunika amagosa akhethiweyo ukuba alawule inkqubela yexesha elide leFed kodwa kungekhona imisebenzi yalo yemihla ngemihla.
Amanye amagosa akhethiweyo aqhubeka esolisa i-Fed kunye nobunikazi bawo. Bafuna ukuqeda konke. I-Senator Rand Paul ufuna ukuyilawula ngokuphicothwa ngokucokisekileyo. Uyise, owayengumongameli uRon Paul, wayefuna ukuqeda iFed.
Umsebenzi weSihlalo weFed
Usihlalo we-Federal Reserve useka isikhokelo kunye nefuthe leBhodi ye-Federal Reserve kunye ne-FOMC. UMongameli uTrump uqeshwe ilungu leBhodi uJerome Powell ukuba abe ngumongameli ukususela ngoFebhuwari 5, 2018 ukuya kuFebruwari 5, 2022. Unokuthi aqhubeke nokusebenza kwemigaqo-nkqubo ye-Fed.
Usihlalo wangaphambili nguJanet Yellen . Ixesha lakhe laqala ngoFebruwari 3, 2014 kwaye iphelile ngoFebruwari 3, 2018. Ingxaki yakhe enkulu yayingenasiphelo, nto leyo eyona nto iyingcali. Oko kwamsenza "umonakalo" kunokuba "i-hawkish." Oko kwakuthetha ukuba wayefuna ukunciphisa amaxabiso enzala. Okumangalisa kukuba, wayeyisihlalo xa uqoqosho ludinga umgaqo-mali wezemali.
UBen Bernanke wayengumongameli ukususela ngo-2006 ukuya ku-2014. Wayeyingcali kwi-Fed indima ngexesha loKuPhukisa okukhulu. Kwakuyi thamsanqa. Wayazi amanyathelo athathatywayo ukuze aphelise ukuKhuphela okukhulu. Wayegcina imeko yezoqoqosho ukuba ingaguquki.
Indlela i-Fed ikuchaphazela ngayo
Icandelo lophando lihlolisisa i-Federal Reserve ngemigqaliselo yendlela uqoqosho lwenziwa ngayo kwaye i-FOMC kunye neBhodi yabaPhathiswa ziceba ukwenza ntoni ngako. Oko kuthetha ukuba i-Fed ichaphazela ngqo i-stock yakho kunye ne-bond edibeneyo kunye neengxowa- mboleko zakho. Ngenxa yokuba nefuthe elinjalo kwizoqoqosho, iFed ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ixabiso lekhaya lakho kunye namathuba akho okukhutshwa okanye aphinde aphinde aphinde ahlaziywe.