Ngaba Unokuzicingela Umhlaba Ongenawo Amabhanki?
Ukubhanka ngenye yezinto eziphambili zoqoqosho lwe-US. Ngoba? Inika ukuthengwa kwezinto ezifunekayo ukuze iintsapho kunye namashishini atyale imali kwixesha elizayo.
Imali mboleko kunye neentengo zebhanki zithetha ukuba iintsapho azimele zisindise ngaphambi kokuya kwikholeji okanye ukuthenga indlu. Iinkampani zinokuqala ukuqesha ngokukhawuleza ukwakha imfuneko yesikhathi esizayo kunye nokwandiswa.
Ingaba isebenza kanjani
Amabhanki yindawo ekhuselekileyo yokufaka imali engaphezulu. Kungenxa yokuba i- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation iyabaqinisekisa. Amabhanki ahlawula ipesenti encinci, inzala, kwidiphozithi.
Amabhanki angajika ngalinye lala ma dollar alondoloziweyo ibe ngama-dollar ayi-10. Zifunwa kuphela ukuba zigcine iipesenti ezili-10 zediphozithi nganye ngesandla. Lo mmiselo ubizwa ngokuba yimfuneko yokugcina . Amabhanki atyala amanye amaphesenti angama-90. Benza imali ngokuhlawula ixabiso lentengo ephezulu kwimali-mboleko yabo kunokuba bahlawula idiphozi.
Iintlobo zeBhanki
Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwebhanki yibhanki yokuthengisa . Olu hlobo lweebhanki lunikeza iinkonzo zemali kubantu ngabanye nakwiintsapho. Iibhanki ze-Intanethi zisebenza kwi-internet. Kukho iibhanki eziku-intanethi kuphela, njenge-ING kunye ne-HSBC.
Uninzi lwamanye amabhanki ngoku anika iinkonzo ze-intanethi. Ukulondolozwa kunye nokubolekwa kwemali mboleko kubhekiselele kumatyala. Izinyunyana zemboleko zibonelela ngeenkonzo ezizodwa kodwa zikhonza kuphela abasebenzi beenkampani okanye izikolo.
Iibhanki zorhwebo zijolise kumashishini. Iibhanki ezininzi zentengiso zinika iinkonzo zebhanki zorhwebo. Iibhanki zoluntu zincinci kuneebhanki zorhwebo.
Bajolise kwiimarike zendawo. Banikezela ngeenkonzo ezenziwe ngabanye kunye nokwakha ubudlelwane nabaxhasi babo.
Iibhanki zotyalo-mali zinikezelwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngamashishini amancinci, angabodwa. Bancedisa iinkampani ukuba zifumene inkxaso ngemali yokuqala yeempahla okanye izibophelelo . Baye baququzelela nokudibana kunye nokuthengwa. Okwesithathu, basebenzisana neengxowa-mali zokuhlawula abantu abaphezulu. Emva kweLehman Abazalwana behlulekile ngo-2008, ezinye iibhanki zotyalo-mali ziba yibhanki zorhwebo. Oko kwabenza bakwazi ukufumana iimali zokurhweba zikaRhulumente. Ngokubuyisela, kufuneka ngoku ngokuhambisana nemimiselo kwi- Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act .
Iibhanki ze-Sharia zihambelana nokunqatshelwa kweSilaysia kumanani omyinge. Kwakhona, iibhanki zamaSilamsi aziboleki ngotywala, ucuba kunye nokungcakaza. Ababolekisi-inzuzo-isabelo kunye nomboleki kunokuba bahlawule umdla. Yingakho iibhanki zamaSulumane zigwema iiklasi ezichaphazelekayo ezijongene neengxaki zemali ka - 2008 . (Imithombo: "Ukwabelana Ngengozi kunye neMvuzo," Imali Yomhlaba Wonke , ngoJuni 2007. "Imali yamaSulumane ibona ukuKhula okuPhambili," i-International Herald Tribune, ngoNovemba 5, 2007.)
Iibhanki eziMbindi Zihlobo olukhethekileyo lweBhanki
Ibhanki ayinakukwazi ukubonelela ngexabiso ngaphandle kweebhanki eziphambili.
EUnited States, leyo yi- Federal Reserve . I-Fed ilawula iibhanki zenkxaso-mali zivunyelwe ukuboleka. I-Fed iye inezixhobo ezintathu eziphambili:
- Imfuno yokugcina indawo ivumela ibhanki ibolekise ama-90 ekhulwini.
- Isantya semali esondliwe sibeka ithagethi yexabiso lebhanki eliyinzala . Leyo ibhanki yentlawulo ihlawulise abathengi abangcono kakhulu.
- Iwindow yokuphulukana yindlela yokubhanka imali ngeebhanki kwiinkqubo zobusuku ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba zihlangabezana neemfuno zokugcina.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ibhanki iyanzima kakhulu. Amabhanki sele angene kwi-investments eyinkqantosi kunye nemveliso ye-inshurensi. Eli nqanaba le-sophistication lakhokelela kwingxaki yebhanki yebhanki ka-2007 .
Indlela iBhanki ishintshile ngayo
Phakathi ko-1980 no-2000, ishishini lobhankini liphindwe kabili. Ukuba ubala yonke i-asethi kunye neziqinisekiso ezenzileyo, bekuya kuba mkhulu njengemveliso yonke yasekhaya yasekhaya yase-US.
Ngelo xesha, inzuzo yebhanki yakhula ngokukhawuleza. Ibhanki ibimele iipesenti ezili-13 zazo zonke iirhafu zenkampani ekupheleni kwee-1970. Ngo-2007, limelela iipesenti ezingama-30 zazo zonke iingeniso.
Iibhanki ezinkulu zikhula ngokukhawuleza. Ukususela ngo-1990 ukuya ku-1999, isabelo sebhanki ezili-10 ezikhulu kunabo bonke i-asethi yebhanki kwanda ukusuka kuma-26 ukuya kuma-45 ekhulwini. Isabelo sabo se-deposits sakhula ngeli xesha, ukususela kuma-17 ukuya kuma-34 ekhulwini. Amabhanki amabini amakhulu kakhulu akwenza okulungileyo. Iimpahla zeCitigroup zenyuka ukusuka kwiiR7 700 zeebhiliyoni ngo-1998 ukuya kwii-2.2 zama-trillion ngo-2007. Yayinemali eyi-1.1 trillion kwi-assets balance sheet. I-Bank of America ikhule ukusuka kwi-$ 570 yezigidigidi ukuya kwi-1.7 trillion kwiixa ezifanayo.
Oku kwenzeka ntoni? Deregulatio n. ICongress yatshitshisa uMthetho we- Glass-Steagall Act ngo-1999. Loo mthetho wawuthintele ibhanki zorhwebo ukuba zisebenzise iipasiti ezikhuselekileyo ezikhuselekileyo. Emva kokupheliswa kwalo, imigca phakathi kweebhanki zotyalo-mali kunye neebhanki zorhwebo ziphazamisekile. Ezinye iibhanki zorhwebo zaqala ukutyalomali kwiimveliso ezivela kwimpahla , njengesiqinisekiso sokubambisa imali. Xa behlulekile, iifakeli zixakekile. Yakhokelela ekufeni kwebhanki enkulu kwimbali, iWashington Mutual , ngo-2008.
Umthetho we-Riegal-Neal phakathi kweBhanki kunye ne-Branching Efficiency Act ka-1994 ukuchithwa kwemiqobo kwi-banking phakathi. Kwavumela iibhanki ezinkulu zommandla ukuba zibe zizwe. Iibhanki ezinkulu zinqabile ezincinane.
Ngomngeni wezimali ka - 2008 , kwakukho iibhanki ezili-13 kuphela ezibalulekileyo eMelika. Bebeyi-Bank of America, i-JPMorgan Chase, i-Citigroup, i-American Express, iBhanki yaseNew York Mellon, i-Goldman Sachs, u-Freddie Mac, uMorgan Stanley, i-Northern Trust, i-PNC, i-State Street, i-US Bank kunye ne-Wells Fargo. Ukudibanisa kwakuthetha ukuba iibhanki ezininzi zaba zikhulu kakhulu ukuba zingaphumeleli. URhulumente wezepolisi unyanzelekile ukuba aphumelele . Ukuba kwakungenako, ukusilela kweebhanki kwakuye kwasongela umnotho wase-United States ngokwawo. (Umthombo: Simon Johnson noJames Kwak, 13 Ibhanki: I-Wall Street Takeover kunye ne-Next Financial Meltdown , i-Pantheon Books: iNew York, 2010.)