Iyintoni Ingcaciso yeBhanki yeNtengo?
Ukukubeka ngokulula, ibhanki yotyalo-mali ayikho njengeziko lekhoneni oyisebenzisayo ukufumana umboleko wezoshishino okanye ubeke imali yakho yokuhlawula.
Esikhundleni salo, ibhanki yotyalo-mali luhlobo olukhethekileyo lweziko lemali elisebenza ngokusisiseko kwiimali eziphezulu ngokunceda iinkampani zifikelele kwiimarike ezinkulu (imakethi yemasheya kunye nemakethi yebhanki, ngokomzekelo) ukunyusa imali yokwandisa okanye ezinye iimfuno. Ukuba i-Coca-Cola Enterprises ifuna ukuthengisa iibhondi ezili-10 ezigidi zeebhanki zokwakha izityalo ezintsha kwi-Asia, ibhanki yotyalo-mali inokukunceda ukufumana abathengi kwiibhondi kunye nokuphatha iphepha, kunye neqela labameli kunye nabagcini-zimali.
Ngamanye amaxesha, iibhanki zotyalo-mali ziza nezisombululo zesoveli zokulungisa iingxaki ezinzima. Kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo, ukubamba inkampani iBerkshire Hathaway yayineklasi enye kuphela. Ngenxa yokuba umnini-mali walo olawulayo, umgidi-mabini uWarren Buffett , wenqabile ukwahlula isitokisi , izabelo zakhula ukusuka kwi-8 ukuya kwi-35,400 zamawaka; kude kude nokufikeleleka kotyalomali-mali. Abaphathi bemali bebakha izakhiwo ezifana neengxowa-mali zokuthenga ezi zizabelo kwaye emva kokukhupha izabelo ngokwabo, ukuthatha intlawulo, ukwenzela ukuba iqumrhu lifikeleleke kwiintsapho eziqhelekileyo.
UBuffett akayithandanga laba bantu besenza izibhengezo zasendle ngeentlawulo ezingenako ukuvelisa xa engenazo nantoni na, ukuze athathe ishishini labo, wasebenza nebhanki yakhe yotyalo-mali ukwenza i -capital-class structure structure . NgoMeyi ka-1996, i-Berkshire Hathaway yayine- IPO kwizabelo zeBakala B, ezithengisa kwi-1/30 intengo yezabelo ze-Class A (isitokethi esidala) kodwa yayine-1/200 kuphela yamalungelo okuvota.
Isitokisi se-Class A singaguqukela kwiSigaba B naliphi na ixesha kodwa awukwazi ukuguqula isigaba B kwiSigaba A esitokisini. Oku kwavumela abatyalo-mali ukuba bavelise oko kufikelelwe kwi-stock-stock-sharing split ngenkathi ulwabiwo oluthile lukhona.
Kamva, xa uBerkshire Hathaway wathenga umzila we-Burlington iNorthern Santa Fe, ibhodi yabalawuli bahlula i-Stock B isithuba kangangokuba ngoku i-1 / 1,500 ye-Class A stock. Oku kwaphumela ekubeni inkampani yongezwa kwi-S & P 500.
Akukho nto yayingenokwenzeka ukuba ibhanki yotyalo-mali yayingasebenzi kwimilingo. Xa zilawulwa kakuhle kwaye zilawulwa ngokuhlakanipha, zongeza ixabiso elininzi kwimpucuko.
Ukuthenga nokuthengisa
Iibhanki zotyalo-mali zihlala zihlulwe zibe ziinkampu ezimbini: i-side yokuthenga kunye nokuthengisa. Uninzi lweebhanki zotyalo-mali lunikela zombini kwaye zithengisa iinkonzo zecala. Icandelo lokuthengisa libhekisela ekuthengiseni izabelo ze-IPO ezisandul 'ukukhutshwa, ukubeka imibandela enxulumene neentengo, ukubandakanyeka kwiinkonzo zentengiso, okanye kuncedisa abathengi ukuba benze lula ukuthengiselana. Icandelo lokuthengwa, ngokuchaseneyo, lisebenza kunye nemali yomhlalaphantsi, iimali ezidibeneyo , i- hedge funds , kunye noluntu lokutyalomali ukubanceda ukuba banyuse iindleko zabo xa bethengisa okanye utyalo-mali kwizibambiso ezifana ne- stocks kunye nezibophelelo .
IiNtloko eziPhambili eziPhambili
Iibhanki ezininzi zotyalo-mali zihlulwe zibe ziintlobo zintathu ezijongene neofisi yangaphambili, i-ofisi ephakathi, okanye i-ofisi ye-back office.
- IiNkonzo zeBhanki zeNgxowa-mali zangaphambili
Iinkonzo zeofisi zangaphambili ziquka ngokubhankwa kweebhanki ezifana nokunceda iinkampani ngokudibanisa kunye nokuthengwa, iimali zenkampani (ezifana nokukhupha iibhiliyoni zeedola kwintengiso yokuncedisa imali ngemisebenzi yemihla ngemihla), ulawulo lotyalo-mali oluthile kumaziko okanye amanqanaba aphezulu abantu , ibhanki lomrhwebi (eli lizwi eliqingqiweyo lokulingana kwangasese apho ibhanki ibeka imali kwiinkampani ezingenakuthengiswa esidlangalaleni ngokutshintshiselwa ubunikazi), utyalo-mali kunye neengxelo zeengxelo zeemarike eziphambili ezilungiselelwe ngabahlalutyi beengcali okanye ukusetyenziswa kwindlu okanye ukusetyenziswa iqela labathengi abakhethileyo, kunye nokuqulunqwa kweqhinga kuquka iipameters ezifana nokwabiwa kwempahla kunye nemingcipheko yemingcipheko.
- IiNkonzo zeBhanki yeeNgxowa-mali zoPhakathi
Iinkonzo zebhanki zokutsalwa kwee-ofisi ezibandakanya ukuthotyelwa kwemimiselo karhulumente kunye nemingcipheko yabathengi bezakhono ezifana neebhanki, iinkampani zomshuwalense, ukwahlukana kwezezimali, njl. Ngamanye amaxesha kuthathwa njengomsebenzi we-ofisi yangemva. Kwakhona kubandakanya ukuhamba kwemali. Laba ngabantu ababukela imali beza ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwenkampani ukuze baqinisekise ukuba inani lexabiso elifunekayo le nkampani kufuneka lihlale lisekhona ukuze lingene kwiinkathazo zemali. Iqela elijongene nokuhamba kwemali lingasebenzisa olo lwazi ukukhawulela uqeqesho ngokunciphisa ukuthenga / ukuthengiswa kwamandla okufumaneka kwamanye amaqela. - IiNkonzo zeBhanki yeeNgxowa-mali ze-Back
Iinkonzo ze-ofisi zangasemva ziquka i-nut kunye neebhanti zebhanki yotyalo-mali. Ilawula izinto ezifana nokuqinisekiswa kwezorhwebo , ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-securities ezichanekileyo zithengwa, zithengiswa, kwaye zilungiswe kwixabiso elichanekileyo, isofthiwe kunye neeteknoloji ezivumela abahwebi ukuba benze umsebenzi wabo bobugcisa bobugcisa kunye nokusebenza, ukudala i-algorithms entsha, kunye nokunye. Imisebenzi ye-ofisi yangasemva idlalwa njengento engabonakaliyo kwaye ezinye iibhanki zotyalo-mali ziphuma kwiivenkile ezizodwa ezifana neenkampani zokulondoloza. Nangona kunjalo, bavumela yonke into ukuba isebenze. Ngaphandle kwabo, akukho nto enye eya kwenzeka.
Imisebenzi
Ibhanki yotyalo-mali iya kubandakanyeka kwenye okanye yonke imisebenzi elandelayo:
- Ukuphakamisa ukulingana kwemali (umz., Ukunceda ukuqalisa i-IPO okanye ukudala iklasi ekhethekileyo yesitokhwe ekhethiweyo enokuthi ibekwe ngabanini-mali abanesimo esiphambili ezifana neenkampani zomshuwalense okanye iibhanki)
- Ukuphakamisa inkunzi yemali (umz., Ukukhupha izibophelelo zokuncedisa imali yokwandisa i-factory)
- Ukuqinisekisa izibophelelo okanye ukuvelisa iimveliso ezintsha (umz., Ezifana ne-swaps default swaps)
- Ukubandakanyeka kworhwebo lokuthengisa apho amaqela abaphathi bemali yangaphakathi-mali atyala okanye athengisa imali yenkampani kwi-akhawunti yakhe yangasese (umz., Ibhanki yotyalo-mali iyakholelwa igolide iya kuvuka ukuze icacise kwixesha elizayo legolide, ifumane iinketho zokufowunelwa kwiifom zegolide, okanye ukuthenga i-bullion yegolide ngokufanelekileyo ukugcina kwindawo ekhuselekileyo).
Ukusa kwiintsuku ezidlulileyo, iibhanki zotyalo-mali e-United States zazingavunyelwe ukuba yinxalenye yebhanki enkulu yezorhwebo kuba imisebenzi, nangona inenzuzo kakhulu xa ilawulwa kakuhle, ibangelwa umngcipheko ophezulu kunokuba iboleke imali yemveli eyenziwa ngamabhanki ezorhwebo. Oku kwakungenjalo nakwezinye ihlabathi. Amazwe afana neSwitzerland, eqinisweni, ahlala ekhupha i- akhawunti yokulawula i-akhawunti eyenza ukuba abatyalo-mali bakwazi ukulawula ubomi babo bonke bezemali kwi-akhawunti eyodwa edibene nebhanki, i- brokerage , ulawulo lwemali, kunye neemfuno zemboleko.
Uninzi lweengxaki ozifundileyo njengenxalenye yenkathazo yeebhanki kunye nokungaphumeleli kwebhanki enkulu kubangelwa yibhanki lwangaphakathi lotyalo-mali olucingela kakhulu ngokubaluleka kwiimbopheleleko zetyala (i-CDOs) . Ezi lahleko zafuneka zikhutshwe yiinkampani zabanini bebhanki, kubangele ukubhalwa kwezinto ezibhaliweyo kunye neemfuno zokukhutshwa kwemali ehlanjululwayo, kwezinye iimeko ziphantse ziqothule abagcini bamasango. Umzekelo ogqityiweyo yiBhanki yeBhanki ye-Union yaseSwitzerland, okanye i-UBS, echaze ilahleko ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-21 ze-CHF (amaFrancs aseSwitzerland), eninzi ephuma kwibhanki yotyalo-mali. Iziko eliqhelekileyo laphoqelelwa ukuba likhuphe izabelo kunye neziqinisekiso zokuguqulwa okufunekayo, ukuhlalutya abanini-zimpahla ezikhoyo, ukuba bathathe indawo engaphezu kwe-60% yabalingani bamasabelo abaye bachithwa ngexesha lokudakalisa.