Ingqwalaselo yoTyalo-mali kwiBond ye-Beginners
Yintoni Ibhondi?
Into yokuqala kukuqala: yintoni isibophelelo? Njengoko ufunde kwiimali zeBond 101 - Ziziphi iindawo kunye nendlela uMsebenzi , ubophelelo, kwifom eyona siseko, udidi lwe-vanilla oluxhamlayo luhlobo lomboleko. Umtyalo-mali uthatha imali yakhe kwaye ihlawulise okwesikhashana umniki-mboleko. Ukutshintshiselana, umtyalo-mali ufumana inzala engeniso kwisilinganiso esinqunyiwe ( ixabiso lekhuphoni ) kunye nezihlandlo ezichazwe ngaphambili (umhla wekhuphoni). Isibophelelo sinomhla wokuphelelwa yisikhathi (umhla wokukhula) apho ixabiso elichazwe ngetyala kufuneka libuyiselwe. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ngokugqithisekayo kubonelelo oluthile lwezolondolozo lukaRhulumente ezifana ne- EE yoLondolozo lweeNkcazo , utywala luyeke ukuba lube lukhulile.
Umzekeliso ongezantsi unokunceda. Cinga ukuba iNkampani yeCoca-Cola ifuna ukuboleka imali engamaRandi ayizigidi ezili-10 ezivela kubatyalomali ukufumana inkampani enkulu yeTiye e-Asia. Ukholelwa ukuba i-marhwebo izakuvumela ukuba kusethe izinga lokukhupha i-coupon kwi-2.5% ngosuku olufunayo lokukhula, eliyiminyaka eyi-10 kwixesha elizayo.
Ikhupha isibophelelo ngasinye kwixabiso eliyimali eyi-$ 1,000 kwaye li thembisa ukuhlawula umdla wenzalo ngonyaka. Ngokubhankwa kwebhanki , ithetha abatyali-mali abafaka imali kwiibhondi. Kule meko, iCokeke idinga ukuthengisa iibhondi ezili-10,000,000 kwi-$ 1,000 nganye ukuphakamisa i-$ 10,000,000,000 eyayifunayo ngaphambi kokuhlawula iirhafu eziza kubakho .
Isibopho ngasinye se-$ 1,000 siya kufumana i-$ 25.00 ngonyaka ngenzala. Ekubeni intlawulo yenzalo yonyaka-mali, iya kufika njenge-12.50 nganye kwiinyanga ezintandathu. Ukuba konke kuhamba kakuhle, ekupheleni kweminyaka eyi-10, i-$ 1,000 eyayiqala iya kubuyiselwa ngosuku lokukhula kwaye ubopheko luya kuphelelwa. Ukuba, nangaliphi na ixesha, intlawulo yenzalo okanye ixabiso lentengo ekuvuneni ayifumanekanga ngumtyalomali ngexesha, ibhondi kuthiwa ayikho. Oku kunokubangela zonke iintlobo zonyango kubanikazi bamabhondi kuxhomekeke kwisivumelwano somthetho esilawula umbandela. Esi sikontraka esisemthethweni siyaziwa njenge-bond bondure. Ngelishwa, abanye abatyali-ntengiso bafumana amaxwebhu kunzima ukuza, ngokungafani ne- 10K okanye ingxelo yonyaka yesabelo sesitokisi . Umthengisi wakho kufuneka akwazi ukukunceda ukulandelelanisa iifayile ezifunekayo naluphi na uxhononongo oluthile olubamba ingqalelo.
Ziziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeebhanki otyalo-mali angayifumana?
Nangona iindawo ezithile zebhondi zingahluka ngokusesikweni - ekupheleni kosuku, i-bond isenkontileka eyenziwe phakathi komniki-mali (umbolekekisi) kunye nomtyalo-mali (umboleki) ngoko nayiphi na ilungiselelo lomthetho apho bavumelekileyo kunokwenzeka ukuba i-inoretically ifakwe kwisigxina-mboleko-ezinye iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo kunye neepatheni ziye zavela emva kwexesha.
- Amabhondi kaRhulumente oyiNtloko - Ezi zibophelelo ezikhutshwa nguorhulumente olawulayo. EUnited States, oku kuya kuba izinto ezifana nee-Bondyebo ze-Nondyebo ze-US, iibhondi, kunye namanqaku, axhaswa lukholo olupheleleyo kunye nekhredithi yelizwe, kubandakanywa namandla okuhlawula irhafu ukuze ahlangabezane nezibophelelo zalo ezifunekayo ngokomgaqo-siseko. Ukongezelela, urhulumente olawulayo uhlala ekhupha iintlobo ezikhethekileyo zeebhonkce ngaphandle kweemfuno zabo eziphambili. Iibhenkethi zeArhente, ezikhutshwe yi-arhente karhulumente, ngokuqhelekileyo ukuzalisekisa igunya elithile kwaye nangona ujabulela ukuxhaswa ngokucacileyo kwenkxaso evela kurhulumente ngokwayo, kaninzi kunika isivuno esiphezulu. Ngokufanayo, ukugcinwa kwezibophelelo, esiye sathetha ngazo, kunokunomdla ngokukhawuleza phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo; umzekelo, iChungechunge Iibhondi zokulondoloza xa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kumngcipheko. Ukuba ungummi waseMerika ophethe iimali ezininzi zeemali ze-FDIC, indawo kuphela eyamkelekileyo yokupaka imali yi-akhawunti ye-Nondyebo. Njengomgaqo oqhelekileyo, kukulungele ukuphepha utyalo-mali kumazwe angaphandle .
- Iimali zeMasipala - Ezi zibophelelo ezikhutshwa nguorhulumente karhulumente noomasipala. EUnited States, izibophelelo zikamasipala zihlala zihlawulelwe irhafu ukufezekisa izinto ezimbini. Okokuqala, ivumela umasipala ukuba anandiphe inzala engaphantsi komlinganiselo kunokuba bekufuneka uhlawule (ukuthelekisa ibhondi kamasipala kunye noxanduva lokuhlawula intela, kufuneka ubale i-yieldable equity yield, echazwe kwinqaku edibeneyo ngaphambili kule mhlathi) , ukunciphisa umthwalo ukukhulula imali engaphezulu kwezinye izizathu ezibalulekileyo. Okwesibini, ikhuthaza abatyali-mali ukuba batyale imali kwiiprojekthi zezopolitiko eziphucula impucuko njengendlela yokuxhasa ngemali, amabhuloho, izikolo, izibhedlele kunye nokunye. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhula ukhula ngaphandle kweengxowankulu zikamasipala ezinobungozi . Ufuna kwakhona ukuqinisekisa ukuba awuyikubeka iibhanki zikamasipala kwiRoth IRA yakho . Ukuze ufunde kabanzi, funda izizathu ezi-3 zokuqwalasela ukutshala imali kwiimali zeMali zeNgeniso .
- Iibhondi zeZiqumrhu - Ezi zibophelelo ezikhishwe ngamashishini, intsebenziswano, iinkampani ezithintekayo , kunye namanye amabhizinisi oshishino. Izibophelelo zoshishino zihlala zinika isivuno esiphezulu kunezinye iintlobo zeebhondi kodwa ikhowudi yerhafu ayithandeki kubo. Umtyalo-mali ophumelelayo unokuphelisa ukuhlawula i-40% ukuya kwi-50% yengeniso yakhe yonke inzala kwi-Federal, state, noorhulumente bendawo ngendlela yentlawulo, okwenza ukuba bangabonakali kakhulu ngaphandle kokuba kungabikho uhlobo oluthile okanye ukuxolelwa. Ngokomzekelo, phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, izibophelelo zenkampani zinokuba zikhetho ezikhethiweyo zokufumana ngaphakathi kwe- SEP-IRA , ingakumbi xa zifumaneke ngokuncinane kunenani lazo zangaphakathi ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwemali kwintengiso, njengaleyo kwenzeka ngo-2009. Ukuze ufunde okubanzi, funda iibhanki zenkampani 101 .
Ziziphi iingozi ezinkulu zokutshala imali kwiimali?
Nangona kuluhlu olubanzi, ezinye zeengozi ezinkulu zokutyalomali kwiibhondi ziquka:
- Ingozi yeNgxowa - Ingozi yesikweletu ibhekiselele kumathuba okungafumani inqununu yakho ethembisiweyo okanye inzala ngexesha eliqinisekisiwe lekhontrakthi ngenxa yokungakwazi okanye ukungafuni ukukhupha. Ingozi yesikweletu ilawulwa rhoqo ngokuhlenga izibophelelo kumaqela amabini amaninzi- amabhondi ebakala otyalo-mali kunye nezibophelelo ezingenayo i-junk . Isibambiso esiphezulu kakhulu sebhlomali-mali siBhondi ye- AAA elinganisiweyo . Phantsi phantse zonke iimeko, ukuphakanyiswa kwebhanki ephakamileyo, ukuhlawula ithuba lokungagqibekanga, ngoko ke umnqweno ongezantsi umnikazi uza kufumana njengoko abanye abatyala-mali bazimisele ukuhlawula ixabiso eliphezulu kwi-net security box inani leexesha ezizibopheleleyo zibophelelwe yimali yokufumana imali kunye nokuhamba kwemali okanye umyinge wokufikelela kwenzalo .
- Umngcipheko weMngcipheko - Kuhlala kunethuba lokuba urhulumente uza kubeka imithetho, ngokuzithandela okanye ngokungenaluliso, ekhokelela ekunyuseni kwamaxabiso emveliso . Ngaphandle kokuba unesimboli sohlobo olutshintshayo okanye ubophelelo ngokwawo luhlobo oluthile lokukhusela, ukuphakama kwexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunokutshabalalisa amandla akho okuthenga njengoko unokufumana uhlala kwihlabathi apho ixabiso lezinto eziphambili kunye neenkonzo ziphezulu kakhulu okulindeleke ngexesha lokufumana inqununu yakho kuwe.
- Ubungozi bamanzi - Iibhondi zingaba zixhobo ezincinci kunezona zininzi ezinkulu ze- chip chip . Oku kuthetha ukuba, xa ufunyenwe, unokuba nexesha elinzima ukuzithengisa kwi-dollar ephezulu. Esi sizathu sezihlandlo zihlala zilungele ukukhawulela ukuthengwa kwezibophelelo zomntu ngamnye kwiibophothifoliyo zakho ukuya kwiimbopheleleko onenjongo zokuzigcina ude ukhule. Ukubonelela ngomzekeliso wokwenene, ndandisanda kusebenza ukunceda umntu athengise amabhondi athile kwisitolo esikhulu seSebe laseMelika, ezicwangciselwe ukuvuthwa ngo-2027. Iimbopheko zithengwa nge $ 117.50 ngelo xesha. Senze umnxeba kwideskiti yezibophelelo - awukwazi ukuthengisa amaninzi amabhonkco kwi-intanethi - kwaye ikhuphe isicelo sokucela. Eyona nto ilungele ukunikela ngayo yayingama-110.50. Lo mntu wagqiba ukubamba izibophelelo kunokuba athathe inxaxheba kubo kodwa akuqhelekanga ukuhlangabezana nokungafani okukhoyo phakathi kwexabiso lesithintelo esicatshulwa ngasiphi na ixesha kunye nento onokuyifumana yona; umahluko owaziwayo njengentambo yokusasazeka, enokulimaza abatyalo-mali ukuba ngaba baqapheli . Kuphantse kulungele ukuthengisa iintlabathi kwiibhloko ezinkulu kwesi sizathu ngenxa yokuba unokufumana ibhanti engcono kumaziko.
- Ukutshawulwa kweengozi - Xa utyalomali kwisibophelelo, uyazi ukuba mhlawumbi uya kukuthumela inzala yengeniso rhoqo (izibophelelo ezithile, ezaziwa njengezibhonkco ze-coupon, musa ukusabalalisa inzala engenayo ngendlela yokuhlolwa okanye idiphozithi ngqo kodwa, endaweni yoko , zikhutshwe kwisaphulelo esicatshulwa ngokukodwa ukuba sisebenze kwaye siqokelele kubaluleka babo ubuso kunye nomdla ngokubalulekayo kubalwe ngethuba lokubamba kwaye ihlawulwe yonke into ngexesha lokuvuthwa kufika). Kukho ingozi kulo, nangona kunjalo, ukuba awukwazi ukuqikelela kwangaphambi kwexesha izinga elichanekileyo apho uya kukwazi ukuyibuyisela khona imali. Ukuba ixabiso lentengo liye lahla kakhulu, kuya kufuneka ubeke inzala yakho enomdla ekusebenzeni kwizibophelelo ezivumela ukubuyisa imali engaphantsi kunokuba ubuye ujabule.
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi malunga nesi sihloko, kubandakanywa ukufumana ingozi eyongezelelweyo, funda izingozi ezithandathu .
Uninzi lweePortfolio zakho kufuneka ziTyalwe kwiimali?
Ukuqulunqwa kwesabelo se-asethi esifanelekileyo kuhlanganiswe kwinqaku elibizwa ngokuba yiNgxowa-mali yam. , efundwayo ngokukhawuleza kwaye kulula ukuphula umthetho oyisiseko wesithupha ongayisebenzisa xa uvakalelwa ukuba uhambelana nemeko yakho.
Yintoni iFund Fund?
Abatyalomali abangafuni ukufumana izibophelelo zomntu ngamnye kodwa bafuna isahlulo sokufumana ingeniso kwi-portfoliyo yabo banokufuna ukuqwalasela isakhiwo esihlanganisiweyo njengengxowa-mboleko , esoloko ihlelwe njengengxowa- mboleko yemveli okanye i- ETF .
Ulwazi olungakumbi malunga neebhonki
Enye indlela efanelekileyo yokulinganisa ukunyuka kwexabiso lemarike yemasheya kukuthelekisa isivuno semali-mboleko yexesha elide kumvuzo wokufumana izivuno kumaxabiso . Ukuqonda ukuba kutheni oku kubalulekile, funda i-Market Timing, Valuation, kunye ne-Purchases.