Shintsha iMida, Injongo Yabo kunye nemizekelo

Iqhinga elincinane eliyaziwayo eligcina imali ejikelezayo kwihlabathi

Umgca wokutshintshana elinye ikota yelungiselelo lwemali lexeshana eliphakathi kweebhanki . Oko kuthetha ukuba bayavuma ukugcina ukubonelela kwemali yelizwe labo ekhoyo ukuze bathengise kwenye ibhanki ephakathi kwizinga lokutshintsha. Amabhanki ayisebenzisela ubusuku obutshanje kunye neentengo zesikhashana nje kuphela. Uninzi lweendlela zokutshintshana ziyahlukana , oku kuthetha ukuba ziphakathi kweebhanki ezimbini zelizwe.

Ukutshintshana kweNjongo yoMgaqo

Injongo yomgca wokutshintshiselwa ukugcina uhlalutyo kwimali ekhoyo kwiibhanki eziphambili ukuboleka kwiibhanki zabucala ukugcina iimfuneko zabo zokugcina .

Ubuncwane bubalulekile ukugcina iimarike zezemali zisebenza kakuhle ngexesha lemiba. Iqinisekisa amabhanki kunye nabarhwebi ukuba ukhusele ukuthengisa kuloo mali. Ikwaqinisekisa kwakhona ukuba iibhanki eziphambili aziyi kuvumela ukunikezelwa kwaloo mali. Esinye isixhobo somgaqo-mali .

I-Federal Reserve iqhuba le migqa eguqulekileyo phantsi kwegunya lecandelo 14 le-Federal Reserve Act. Zonke i-swaps kufuneka zihambisane nokugunyazwa, imigaqo-nkqubo, kunye neenkqubo ezisungulwe yiKomiti ye- Federal Open Market .

Umzekelo: Umnxeba weTshintsho weDola

NgoDisemba 12, 2007, i- Federal Reserve yavula i-dollar swap line kunye ne-European Central Bank kunye ne-Swiss National Bank.

NgoSeptemba 18, 2008, i-FOMC igunyazisile i-$ 180 billion yezigidigidi zee-editshana zayo, zandisa kwiibhanki eziphambili zaseJapan, eNgilani naseCanada. I-Fed isebenze ngokubambisana nezinye iibhanki eziphambili emhlabeni jikelele ukuyeka ukwesaba kwebhanki okwexeshana ii-akhawunti zeemarike zemali.

Kwalandela ukuchithwa kweLehman Brothers kunye nokungabikho kwe-$ 350 yezigidigidi ze- AIG .

Ukususela ngoSeptemba 24 ukuya ku-Oktobha 29, 2008, iFed yandisa i dollar yayo eAustralia, eNorway, eDenmark, eNew Zealand, eBrazil, eMexico naseKorea naseSingapore. Ibonisa indlela ukuqhuma kwebhanki, eyaqala eNew York, isasazeke kwihlabathi kwiiveki ezintandathu kuphela.

Kwakhona kubonisa amanyathelo amaFed ayimfuneko ukuba athathe ukuxhasa i- dollar yase - US njengemali yehlabathi jikelele . Ukuba idola liza kutshabalalisa, kwakuya kwenzeka ngaloo xesha.

Umzekelo: Umnxeba wokuTshintshiselwa kwemali

Ngo-Oktobha 2013, i-ECB yavuma umgca we-swap lweminyaka emithathu ye-swap ne-Central Bank yaseChina. I-ECB yafumana ukufikeleleka ngokukhawuleza kwi-350 yezigidigidi kwi- yuan , kwaye i-China inokufikelela ngokukhawuleza kwi-€ 45 billion. Isicwangciso sokutshintshisa senza utywala kwimeko yongxamiseko, okwenza kubekho ukhuseleko kwiibhanki ze-Eurozone ukwenza ishishini kwi-yuan kunokugxininisa kwiidola okanye i-euro.

I-China nayo yakha imigqa yokutshintsha ngeHungary, e-Albania nase-Iceland. Injongo yeBhanki Yomkhulu ukukhupha i-yuan kwi- peg yayo ukuya kwi-dollar ngexesha. Oko kuyimfuneko ukuba i- yuan ibe enye yee-currencies eziphezulu zee-world .

Indlela ekuchaphazela ngayo

Imigca yokutshintsha kwebhanki ephakathi igcina inkqubo yezemali yehlabathi jikelele isebenza ngokubonelela ngekhredithi efunekayo kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla. Ngaphandle kwesi sikweletu, izitolo zokuthengisa azizange zihlawule iilori zokuhambisa ukutya. Abanikazi bamashishini eGesi abayi kuba nako ukuyalela amathangi amatsha ukuzalisa abo bahambayo. Umqeshi wakho unokucela ukuba usebenze ngaphandle kokuhlawulwa kweliveki.

Unokucinga ukuba oku akunakuze kwenzeke, kodwa kuphantse kwenzeke ngoSeptemba 17, 2008 .

Yilapho ikhredithi iqalile ukuma, kwaye amashishini athathwe. Baqala ukuhoxisa imali yabo yokugcina imali egcinwe kwiimali zeemarike zemali . I- Fed yadala izixhobo ezininzi zokuxhasa ukuthengiswa kwemali kwiakhawunti yemarike yemali, ukubuyisela ukuzithemba ngelo xesha. UNobhala weNondyebo we-US uHank Paulson wasebenza neFed ukuba aye kwiCongress kwaye abuze imali yokubambisa i-$ 700 yeebhiliyoni ukuze kuqinisekiswe imboni yezezimali. Kule meko, i-swaps ayanele ngokwaneleyo ukuqinisekisa iimarike.