I-Sunni - iShiite Split ichazwe

Imbangela Yokwenyaniso Yonke Imibambano YaseMpumalanga Ephakathi

Amagunya amabini amakhulu eMbindi-Mpuma ase-Saudi Arabia, abantu baseArabhu abalawulwa nguninzi lwamaSunni, kunye ne-Irani, abantu basePersi abalawulwa yininzi leShia. Ukwahlukana kweSunni-Shiite kuboniswa njengonqulo. Kwakhona imfazwe yezoqoqosho phakathi kwe-Iran ne-Saudi Arabia ngaphezu koobani abaya kulawula iStrarait yeHormu, apho iipesenti ezingama-20 zeoli iphela.

Indlela Ukwahlula Kudlalwa Ngayo Ephakathi Kwamhlanje

Phantse zonke (ama-85 ekhulwini) amaSulumane angamaSunni.

Ziyininzi eSaudi Arabia, eYiputa, eYemen, ePakistan, e-Indonesia, e-Turkey, e-Algeria, e-Morocco naseTunisia. AmaShiites baninzi e-Iran nase-Iraq. Zineendawo ezincinci ezincinane eYemen, Bahrain, eSiriya, eLebhanon naseAzerbaijan.

I-United States idla ngokuzibandakanya ngokwawo ngamazwe aqhutywa nguSunni. Kungenxa yokuba i-40 ekhulwini yeoli yayo engeniswayo idlula kwiStrait. Nangona kunjalo, ihlangene namaShiites e- Iraq iMfazwe yokudiliza uSaddam Hussein.

Ngubani na

I-Saudia Arabia - Ikhokelwa yintsapho yasebukhosini yamaSunni. Umlingani wase-US kunye neqabane elikhulu lokuthengisa ioli, inkokheli ye- OPEC . Ngama-1700, uMuhammad ibn Saud (umsunguli wobukhosi baseSaudi), udibene nenkokeli yenkolo uAbd al-Wahhab ukudibanisa zonke izizwe zase-Arabhu. Emva kokuba amaShiyan athathe amandla e-Iran ngowe-1979, ama-Sauds axhasa ama-mosque axhasa ama-Wahhabi kunye nezikolo zonqulo kwi-Middle East. I-Wahabism yisebe le-ultra-conservative yeSunni Islam, kunye nenkolo kaRhulumente yase-Saudi Arabia.

(Umthombo: "U- Islam: iSunni neShias ," iNkonzo yoPhando lweCongress, ngoJanuwari 28, 2009.)

I-Iran - ilawulwe yiShia, i-9 kuphela ye-Sunni. Umlimi wesine owona mkhulu kunabo bonke oyile. I-United States yasekela i-Shah eyayingabalulekanga eShia. I-Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeni yabuyisa i-Shah ngo-1979.

I-Ayatollah yiNtloko ephezulu ye-Iran. Ukhokela zonke iinkokheli ezikhethiweyo. Wayegweba ubukumkani baseSaudi njengecala elingekho mthethweni eliphendula iWashington, DC, kungekhona uThixo. Ngo-2006, iUnited States yacela iBhunga lezoKhuseleko loMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo ukuba libeke isigwebo kwi-Iran ukuba ingavumelani nokumisa i-uranium enrichment. Inkxalabo yezoqoqosho ekhuthazayo yenza ukuba i-Iran ixhomekeke ekucebiseni ukuchithwa kwintlawulo.

I-Iraq - Idluliselwe ngamaphesenti angama-63 ama-Shia emva kokuba ama-United States atshabalalise inkokheli yamaSundam uSaddam Hussein. Oku kwaguqula umlinganiselo wamandla eMbindi Mpuma. I-Shia kwakhona yaqinisekisa ukusebenzisana kwabo ne-Iran neSiriya. Nangona iUnited States yazisusa iinkokheli ze-al-Qaida, abavukeli bamaSunni baba yiqela lama-Islamic State. NgoJuni ka-2014, baphinde bahlawulela inxalenye enkulu entshona ye-Iraq kuquka noMosul. NgoJanuwari 2015, babusa abantu abayizigidi ezili-10. NgoDisemba 2016, baphulukana neepesenti ezili-16 zelizwe ababenalo kwaye babulawula abantu abayizigidi ezintandathu kuphela. I-Iran ivuselela ininzi yeShia ngokumelene neqela leSunni Islamic State.

ISiriya - Idluliselwe ngamaphesenti ama-13 eShia. Ukusebenzisana neShia-kwalawula i-Iran ne-Iraq. Ugqithisa iingalo ezivela e-Iran ukuya kwiHezbollah eLebhanon. Ukutshutshiswa kwamaSunni amancinci, amanye awo anamaqela ase-Islamic State.

I-United States kunye namazwe aseSunni angumakhelwane abuyele emva kwamaSunni, angamaSulumane amaqela avukela i-State. Iqela lama-Islamic State lilawula iindawo ezininzi ze-Syria, kuquka uRaqqa.

ILebhanon - Idityaniswe ngamaKristu (iipesenti ezingama-39), i-Sunni (iipesenti ezingama-22), kunye ne-Shia (iipesenti ezingama-36). I-1975-1990 imfazwe yombutho yavumela ukuhlaselwa kwaSirayeli amabini. Imisebenzi yamaSirayeli kunye neSyria ilandelwa kwiminyaka emibini ezayo. Ukuhlaziywa kwakhona kwabuyiselwa ngo-2006 xa iHezbollah kunye ne-Israel balwa eLebhanon. Ngomnyaka we-2017, umphathiswa we-Saudi-backed-deputy owamkela ngenxa yefuthe likaHezbollah.

EYiputa - Ipapashwe ngamaphesenti angama-90 kwinani lamaSunni. Utshutshisa amaKristu namaShias. I-Arab Spring ngo-2011 i-deposit Hosni Mubarak. U-Muslim Brotherhood u-Mohammed Morsi ukhethwe ngumongameli ngo-2012, kodwa wagqitywa ngo-2013. Umkhosi waseJiputa umlawuli wada waya kuba ngumphathi wamabutho u-Abdul Fattah al-Sisi wanqoba okhe-2014.

NgoNovemba ka-2016, iNgxowa-mali yeMali yamazwe ngamazwe yavuma ukubolekisa ngemali eyi-12 billion yeebhiliyoni ukuze incede iYiputa ibhekane neengxaki zezoqoqosho.

IJordani - uBukumkani bulawulwa ngama-92 ekhulwini. Phakathi kwama-55 ukuya kuma-70 ekhulwini lwabantu basePalestina. Ngoku kuphethwe ngabaseSiriya ababaleki, abaza kuzisa imfazwe eYordan xa bexoshwa ngamaShiite aphephe ukuphindisela.

I-Turkey - Uninzi lwamaSunni lilawula ngokunyanisekileyo kwi-Shiite encinci (iipesenti ezili-15). Kodwa amaShiites akhathazekile ukuba uNdunankulu waseTurkey uRecep Tayyip Erdogan uya kuba ngumgaqo-siseko njengaseSaudi Arabia.

I-Bahrain - Ubuncinane beSunni (iipesenti ezingama-30), exhaswa yi-Saudi Arabia kunye ne-United States, ilawula uninzi lwe-Shia. Ngaba isiseko seFifth Fleet ye-US Navy, egcina iStrave yeHormuz.

I-Afghanistan, iLibya, i-Kuwait, i-Pakistan, i-Qatar, i-Yemen - uninzi lwamaSunni lilawula i-Shia. I-Iran isekela iShia Houthi eYemen.

I-Israel - ininzi yamaYuda (iipesenti ezingama-75) ilawula ama-Sunni amancinci (ama-17,4 ekhulwini).

I-Sunni-Shia Split kunye noBugcisa

Amacandelo e-Fundamentalist amaSunni namaShiite akhuthaza ubundlobongela. Bakholelwa kwi jihad. Leyo yimfazwe engcwele yenziwa ngaphandle (ngokuchasene nabangakholwayo) nangaphakathi (ngokuchasene nobuthathaka).

Iqela lakwa-Islamic State - iSunn elalifunayo intsimi e-Iraq, eLebhanon naseSiriya. Benza imali ngokuthengisa ioli ephantsi kweendleko kwilizwe "labo". Uguqukile ukusuka e-al Qaida e-Iraq. Ndiva ukuba banelungelo lokubulala okanye ukugqilaza bonke abangabikho i-Sunnis. Ukuchaswa yi nkokheli yaseSiriya (uAsad, osikelwa nguRashiya), kunye namaKurds e-Iraq, eTurkey naseSiriya.

al-Qaida - Sunni. Ufuna ukubuyisela oorhulumente abangabinqangi baseburhulumenteni abalawulwa ngumthetho wamaSulumane olawulwa ngumthetho wenkolo (sharia). Bakholelwa ukuba amaShiyan afuna ukutshabalalisa i-Islam kwaye iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde ibuyiselwe Ukubuyiselwa kwePalestina ngokususa amaSirayeli kubonwa njengento engcwele. Gweba abo abangavumelani neenkolelo ezinqabileyo zamaSunni. Wahlaselwa i-United States ngoSeptemba 11, 2017 .

Hamas - iSunni Palestinians. Injongo yokususa amaSirayeli nokubuyisela ilizwe lasePalestina. Iran isekela.

I-Hezbollah - Ummeli waseShire wase-Lebanon wase-Iran. Ngoku kukhangeleka nakwiSunni ngenxa yokuba ibetha i-Israel eLebanon ngo-2000. Kwakhona yaqalisa ukuhlaselwa kwe-rocket ngokuphumelelayo neHaifa kunye nezinye izixeko. Abasemagunyeni abathumela eSiriya ngokusondeza e-Iran. I-Al-Qaida ixhalaba iya kubuyisa ubukhosi basePersi.

Umzalwana wamaMuslim - uSunni. Eyona iYiputa neYordan. Eyasungulwa eYiputa ngo-1928 nguHasan al-Banna ukukhuthaza ukunxibelelana, ububele kunye nokusasaza ukholo. Yakhula yaba yintlangano yeqela lamaSulumane eSiriya, eSudan, eJordan, e-Kuwait, eYemen, eLibya nase-Iraq.

I-Sunni-Shia Split kunye nobuzwe

Ukwahlukana kweSunni-Shia luyinkimbinkimbi ngobuhlanga belizwe phakathi kwamazwe aseMbindi Mpuma. AmaArabhu ahla ebudeni bobukhosi base-Ottoman (ikhulu lama-15 ukuya kwe-20) ngoxa i-Iran iphuma eMbusweni wasePersi (inkulungwane ye-16).

I-Arabian Sunnis ixhalabisa ukuba amaShiishe asePheresiya akha iSredite yeShiite nge-Iran, i-Iraq neSiriya. Babona oku njengokubuyiselwa kwakhona kwendlu yobukhosi baseShia Safavid eMbusweni wasePersi. Ngaloo nto amaShiyhi aceba ukuvusa umlawuli wase-Persia eMbindi Mpuma kunye nehlabathi. I-"Sassanian-Safavid iqhinga" libhekisela kumaqela amancinci amabini. AbaSassani babengumkhosi wase-Iranian ngaphambili. I-Safavids yayingumbuso wamaShiite owalawula i-Iran kunye neengxenye zase-Iraq ukususela ngo-1501 ukuya ku-1736. Nangona amaShiyan emazweni ase-Arabhu adibanisa ne-Iran, abayathembi amaPersi. (Umthombo: "I-Shia-Sunni Split," i-BBC. "Indima yase-US kwi-Sunni-Shi'ite Conflict," i-Gatestone Institute, ngoMeyi 17, 2013.)

I-Sunni-Shia Split kunye nokubandakanywa kwe-US kwiimfazwe zaseMpuma Ephakathi

I-United States ifumana iipesenti ezingama-20 zeoli zayo ezivela eMbindi Mpuma. Oko kwenza ummandla wobaluleke kwezoqoqosho. Njengamandla ehlabathi, iUnited States inendima esemthethweni eMiddle East yokukhusela iinqwelo zeoli yeGulf. Phakathi kuka-1976 ukuya ku-2007, iUnited States yachitha i-$ 8 trillion ukwenza loo nto. Ukuxhomekeka kwalo kuye kwancipha njengoko ioli ye-shale iphuhliswa ngaphakathi, kwaye ukuxhomekeka kwizinto ezinokuhlaziywa kwandisa. Nangona kunjalo, iMelika kufuneka ikhusele iminqweno yayo, amahlakani kunye nabasebenzi bayo kwindawo. (Umthombo: " Iindleko ze-United States zeProjection ye-Military e-Persian Gulf ," iYunivesithi yasePrinceton, ngoJanuwari 7, 2010.)

Isihlomelo esifutshane seMfazwe yase-US eMbindi Mpuma:

I-Irani Inkathazo Yokusasaza - Emva kweenguqulelo zango-1979, iUnited States yavumela i-Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi ukuba ifakwe kwilizwe ukuze yonyango. Ukubhikisha, i-Ayatollah yenza ukuba i-ambassy yase-US ihambe. Abantu abangamashumi asithoba bathathwe ngokubanjwa, kuquka nabama-62 baseMerika. Emva kokuhlangulwa komkhosi wemikhosi, iUnited States yavuma ukukhupha impahla ye-Shah ukukhulula amaxhoba. (Umthombo: "I-Iran Inkqantosi Yokubanjelwa Kwamaxesha Okufutshane," CNN, Matshi 17, 2014.)

IMfazwe yase-Iran-Iraq (1980-1988) - I-Iran yalwa imfazwe ne-Iraq eyabangela ukuxabana phakathi kwe-US Navy ne-Iranian ibutho lemikhosi phakathi kuka-1987 no-1988. I-United States yamisela i-Iran njengomxhasi welizwe ukukhusela i-Hezbollah eLebhanon. Nangona kunjalo, iUnited States ixhaswa ngeNicaragua "iphikisana" nokuvukela urhulumente waseSandinista ngokuthengisa ngasese i-Iran. Oku kwadala i-Iran-Contra Scandal ngo-1986, echaphazela ulawulo lweReagan kwimisebenzi engekho mthethweni.

Imfazwe yeGulf - Ngowe-1990, i-Iraq yahlasela i-Kuwait. I-United States iholele imikhosi yokukhulula i-Kuwait ngo-1991.

Imfazwe yase-Afghanistan - I-United States isuse amaTaliban amandla okugcina u-Osama bin Laden kunye ne-al-Qaida.

IMfazwe yase-Iraq (2003 - 2011) - I-United States yahlasela i-Iraq kwaye yatshintsha i-Sunni inkokheli uSaddam Hussein kunye nenkokheli yamaShiite. UMongameli uBabri wasusa amabutho asebenzayo ngo-2011. Yayivuselela i-airstrikes ngo-2014 xa iqela likaRhulumente wama-Islamic libethelela intatheli ezimbini zaseMelika.

IArabhu Spring - Ukuvukela kwabantu abadiniwe nokungabikho kwemisebenzi ephezulu kunye neentlawulo zorhulumente. Bambiza idemokhrasi.

Iimbambano zaseSiriya - zaqala ngo-2011 ukuchitha iBashar al-Assad njengenxalenye yokunyakaza kwe-Arab Spring.

Imbali

Ukwahlula kweSunni-Shite kwenzeka ngo-632 AD xa umprofeti u-Muhammad wafa. I-Sunn ikholelwa ukuba inkokheli entsha kufuneka ikhethwe, kwaye yakhetha umcebisi kaMuhammad, uAbraham Bakr. "Sunni" ngesiArabhu lithetha "umntu olandela izithethe zomprofeti."

AmaShiites akholelwa ukuba inkokeli entsha yayingumzala kaMuhammad / umkhwenyana, u-Ali bin Abu Talib. Ngenxa yoko, iiShiites zi-Imam zabo, abazijonga njengezingcwele. Bayijonga ukuba ii-Imans zabo ziyinkokeli zinyani, kungekhona ilizwe. "Shia" livela ku "Shia-t-Ali," okanye "iqela lika-Ali."

AmaSulumane amaSunni namaShiite aneenkolelo ezininzi ezifanayo. Baqinisekisa ukuba u-Allah nguThixo oyinyaniso, kwaye u Muhammed ungumprofeti wakhe. Bafunda iKoran, kwaye bahambelana nale ntsika elandelayo ye-Islam.

1. I-Sawm - Ngokukhawuleza ngexesha le-Ramadan (umjikelezo wenyanga yesithoba kwikhalenda yamaSilamsi).
2. IHajj - I-pilgrimage ukuya eMakkah, eSaudi Arabia, ubuncinane kanye.
3. Shahada - Thembisa ukholo.
4. Salat - Thandaza.
5. Zakat - Nika inceba kumahlwempu.