Ukudibana nabantu abalawula iMali Yehlabathi
Uninzi lweebhanki eziphambili zilawulwa libhodi elinamabhanki alo amalungu. Igosa elikhethiweyo elikhethiweyo lizwe liqoka umlawuli. Umzimba womthetho wesizwe uyamvumela.
Oko kugcina ibhanki ephakathi ihambelana neenjongo zexesha elide lomgaqo-nkqubo. Ngelo xesha, ikhululekile kwimpembelelo yezopolitiko kwimisebenzi yayo yemihla ngemihla. Ibhanki yaseNgilani yaqala ukumisela loo mzekelo. Iingcamango zobuqhetseba ezichasene nelo, nabo banabo base -US Federal Reserve .
Umgaqo-mali
Iibhanki eziphambili zichaphazela ukukhula koqoqosho ngokulawula ukuthengiswa kwemali kwinkqubo yezemali. Zinezixhobo ezintathu zemigaqo- mali yokufikelela kule njongo.
Okokuqala, babeka umyalelo wokugcina . Yimalini yemali ebhanki ilungu kufuneka ibe nayo ngobusuku bonke. Ibhanki ephambili isebenzisa ukulawula ukuba iibhanki zinokuboleka njani.
Okwesibini, basebenzisa imisebenzi evulelekileyo yemarike yokuthenga nokuthengisa iimali ezivela kwiibhanki zamalungu. Itshintsha utshintsho lwemali ngesandla ngaphandle kokutshintsha imfuneko yendawo yokugcina. Basebenzisa esi sixhobo ngexesha leengxaki zemali ka-2008. Amabhanki athenge amabhondi karhulumente kunye neziqinisekiso zokubambisa imali ekuzinzeni ukuzinzisa inkqubo yebhanki.
I- Federal Reserve yongeze i-$ 4 trillion kwi-balance sheet yayo kunye nokunciphisa ubuncinane . Kwaqala ukunciphisa oku ku-Oktobha 2017.
Okwesithathu, babeka iithagethi kwimilinganiselo yemirhumo abo bahlawula iibhanki zamalungu abo. Ezi zikhokelela iintlawulo zemali-mboleko, iimali zokubolekwa kwemali kunye neebhondi. Ukunyusa izinga lentengo kukunciphisa ukukhula, ukukhusela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso .
Oku kwaziwa ngokuba ngumgaqo-mali we-contractionary . Ixabiso lokunciphisa likhuthaza ukukhula, ukuthintela okanye ukunciphisa umnotho . Oko kubizwa ngokuba ngumgaqo-mali wezemali . Ibhanki Ephakathi YaseYurophu iyanciphisa iirhafu ezide kangangokuthi zaba zibi .
Umgaqo-mali unzima. Kuthatha malunga neenyanga ezintandathu ukuba iziphumo zenzeke ngokubanzi kwezoqoqosho. Amabhanki anokungafani kakuhle nedatha yezoqoqosho njengoko i- Fed yenza ngo-2006. Yacinga ukuba i- subprime mortgageown meltdown iya kuthintela kuphela izindlu. Kwakulindelwe ukunciphisa izinga lokunyusa imali . Ngethuba le-Fed linciphisa iirhafu, sele sele liphuzile.
Kodwa ukuba iibhanki eziphambili zikhuthaza ubutyebi kakhulu, zinokubangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso . Iibhanki eziMbindi ziphepha ukunyuka kwemali njengentlungu. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okuqhubekayo kubonakalisa nayiphi na inzuzo yokukhula. Iphakamisa amaxabiso kubathengi, iindleko zonyuka kwamashishini, kwaye idla nayiphina inzuzo. Iibhanki eziphambili kufuneka zisebenze nzima ukugcina amazinga omyinge aphakamileyo ngokwaneleyo ukukhusela.
Izepolitiki kwaye ngamanye amaxesha uluntu jikelele luyakrokra kwiibhanki eziphambili. Kungenxa yokuba zidla ngokuzimela ngaphandle kwamagosa akhethiweyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo abayithandeki kwizame zabo zokuphulukisa uqoqosho. Ngokomzekelo, uSihlalo we-Federal Reserve uPaul Volcker wathumela inzala enomdla.
Yayiyodwa yonyango yokunyuka kwamaxabiso okuphunyuka. Abagxeki bamncedisa. Izenzo zebhanki eziphambili zihlala ziqondwa kakuhle, ziphakamisa izinga lokusola
Umthetho weBhanki
Iibhanki eziphambili zilawula amalungu azo . Bayafuna iimpahla ezikhuselekileyo zokukhawulela ukulahlekelwa kwemali mboleko. Banoxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwezemali nokukhusela imali yokubeka imali.
Ngo-2010, uMthetho we- Dodd-Frank Wall Reform Act wanika igunya elingaphezulu lolawulo kwiFed. Yadala i- Arhente yeMali yoKhuseleko yabathengi . Oko kwanika abalawuli amandla okuhlula iibhanki ezinkulu, ngoko "ababa nzima kakhulu ukuba bangaphumeleli ." Iphelisa iinqununu zeengxowa zemali kunye nabathengi bemali. Umthetho we- Volcker uvimbela amabhanki ukuba abe neengxowa zemali. Iyabavimba ukuba basebenzise imali yabatyalomali ukuba bathenge iimveliso eziyingozi ngenxa yabo inzuzo.
U-Dodd-Frank naye wasungula iBhunga loLawulo lokuSigxina kwezeMali.
Ilu lumkisa ngeengozi ezichaphazela yonke imboni yemali. Inokuphinda ikhuthaze ukuba i-Federal Reserve ilawulwe nayiphi na iifenki zezimali ezingekho ebhankini. Oko kukugcina iinkampani zomshuwalense okanye i- hedge funds ekubeni enkulu kakhulu ukuba ingaphumeleli.
Ukubonelela ngeeNkonzo zeMali
Iibhanki eziMbindi zikhonza njengebhanki kwiibhanki ezizimeleyo kunye norhulumente wesizwe. Oko kuthetha ukuba baphonononga ukuhlola nokuboleka imali kumalungu abo.
Imali yokugcina ibhanki yebhanki kwiindawo zabo zokugcina imali . Basebenzisa ezi ndawo zokugcina ukuguqula izinga lokutshintsha. Bongeza imali engaphandle, ngokuqhelekileyo idola okanye i-euro, ukugcina imali yabo ngokuhambelana. Oko kubizwa ngokuba yi- peg , kwaye kunceda abathumeli bagcine amaxabiso abo kukhuphiswano.
Iibhanki eziphambili zilawula iirhafu zokutshintshwa njengendlela yokulawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso . Bathengisa kwaye bathengise imali eninzi yemali yangaphandle ukuchaphazela ukunikezelwa kunye neemfuno.
Uninzi lweebhanki eziphambili zivelisa iinkcukacha zezoqoqosho rhoqo ukuze zikhokele izigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo wezemali . Nayi imimiselo yeengxelo ezibonelelwe yi-Federal Reserve:
- Incwadi yeBeige : Ingxelo yenyanga yenyanga yezoqoqosho kwiingingqi ze-Federal Reserve.
- Ingxelo yePolisi yeMali : ingxelo engapheliyo kwiNgqungquthela kwezoqoqosho lukazwelonke
- Ityala leKhadi leMatyala : ingxelo yenyanga ngetyala lomthengi.
Imbali
ISweden yakha ibhanki yokuqala yehlabathi, i-Riks, ngo-1668. I-Bhanki yaseNgilandi yaza emva koko ngo-1694. I-Napoleon yakha i-Banquet de France ngo-1800. I-Congress yakha i-Federal Reserve ngo-1913. Ibhanki yaseCanada yaqala ngowe-1935, kwaye I-Bundesbank yaseJamani yabuye yasungulwa emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ngo-1998, i-Central Bank yaseYurophu yatshintsha zonke iibhanki eziphambili ze-eurozone.
Ekujuleni: Isixa-mali seMali esiThatywayo | Indlela iinguqu ezitshintshiselwa ngayo iiNtlawulo zenzalo : Izixhobo ze-Fed kunye nendlela abaSebenza ngayo