Izixhobo zeBhanki ezi-3 zisebenzisa ukulawula uqoqosho lwehlabathi
1. Vula i-Market Market
Ukuvulwa kwemisebenzi yeemarike yilapho iibhanki eziphambili zithenga okanye zithengisa iziqinisekiso . Ezi zithengwa okanye zithengiswa kwiibhanki zabucala belizwe.
Xa ibhanki ephakathi ithenga iziqinisekiso, yongeza imali kwiindawo zokugcina ibhanki. Okubanika imali ethe xaxa yokuboleka. Xa ibhanki ephakathi ithengisa i-securities, ibeka kwiibhanki zamabhanki kwaye iyanciphisa imali yayo. Ibhanki ngoku iyancinci. Ibhanki ephakathi ithenga iziqinisekiso xa ifuna umgaqo-mali wezandiso . Uthengisa xa kuqhuba umgaqo-mali wezentlawulo .
Ukunciphisa ukulinganiswa kwemisebenzi yemarike evulekile kwi-steroids. Ngaphambi kokunciphisa imali , i-US Federal Reserve yahlala phakathi kwama-$ 700 ukuya kwii-800 zamawaka ezigidi zamanqaku eziNondyebo kwiphepha layo. Yongezwa okanye ikhutshwe ichaphazela umgaqo-nkqubo, kodwa igcinwe kuloluhlu. I-QE iphantse iphinda iphindwe le mali ibe ngaphezu kwama-4 trillion ngo-2014.
2. Iimfuneko zeMfuno
Imfuno yesigxina ibhekisela kwiibhanki zemali kufuneka zihlale ngobusuku bonke. Bangakwazi ukugcina indawo yokugcina indawo kwiindawo zabo zokugcina okanye kwibhanki ephakathi. Imfuno ephantsi yokugcina indawo ivumela iibhanki ukuba zibolekise ezinye zazo iipositi.
Yandisa ngenxa yokuba idala iitaliti.
Imfuno ephezulu yokugcinwa kwempahla iyinto yokuchasana. Inika ibhanki imali encinci ukubolekisa. Kunzima kakhulu kwiibhanki ezincinci kuba bengenayo ininzi yokuboleka kwindawo yokuqala. Kungenxa yoko iibhanki eziphambili aziyikumisela imfuno ebanjelwe kwiibhanki ezincinci.
Iibhanki eziMbindi zihlala zingasitshintshi imfuneko yokugcinwa kwempahla ngenxa yokuba ibiza kwaye iphazamisa amabhanki amalungu ukuba aguqule iinkqubo zazo.
Iibhanki eziphambili zinokuthi zilungelelanise izinga lokuboleka imali. Ifezekisa umphumo ofanayo njengoko utshintshe imfuno yokugcina indawo kunye nokuphazanyiswa ngaphantsi. Isantya semali esondliwe mhlawumbi iyaziwa kakhulu kwezi zixhobo. Nantsi indlela esebenza ngayo. Ukuba ibhanki ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuneko zokugcina, iboleke kwenye ibhanki enemali engaphezulu. Inzala yemali ehlawulelayo iyinqanaba lemali elondliwe. Inani elibolekayo libizwa ngokuba yimali eyondliwe . Ikomidi leSouthern Open Market lijolise ekujoliswe kuyo kwinqanaba leentlanganiso.
Iibhanki eziMbindi zinamathuluzi amaninzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinga lidibana nelokujoliswe kulo. I-Federal Reserve, iBhanki yaseNgilani kunye ne-European Central Bank ibhatala inzala kwiimfuno ezifunekayo kunye naziphi na izibonelelo ezingaphezulu. Amabhanki akayi kuboleka imali eyondla imali engaphantsi kwezinga abafumanayo kwiFed yalezi zibonelelo. Amabhanki aseMbindi asebenzisa nokusebenza kwemarike evulekileyo ukulawula izinga lokuxhaswa kwemali.
3. Ixabiso lentengo
Isaphulelo sokunciphisa sixhobo sesithathu. Inganiselo yokuba ibhanki ephakathi ihlawulisa amalungu ayo ukuboleka kwiwindow yokuphuhlisa . Ekubeni izinga liphakamileyo, iibhanki zisebenzisa kuphela ukuba abanako ukuboleka imali kwizinye iibhanki.
Kukho ukunyaniseka okufakwe kuyo. Uluntu lwemali lucinga ukuba nayiphi na ibhanki esebenzisa iwindi yokuphuhlisa isenkingeni. Kuphela ibhanki ekhuselekileyo eyanqatshelwe ngabanye izakusebenzisa iwindi yokuphuhlisa.
Ingaba isebenza kanjani
Izixhobo zebhanki eziphambili zisebenza ngokunyuka okanye ukunciphisa ukuthengwa kwexabiso . Yiloo mali enokufumaneka ukutyalomali okanye ukuboleka. Kwakhona imali kunye nekhredithi abathengi abachithayo. Ingcali ngokwemali ngaphezu kokunikezelwa kwemali . Oko kuphela kubandakanya i-M1 (imali kunye ne-check deposits) kunye ne-M2 (imali yemarike yemali, ii-CD kunye ne-akhawunti yokulondoloza). Ngoko ke, xa abantu bethetha ukuba izixhobo zebhanki eziphambili zithintela imali, zithintela impembelelo.
Ezininzi ezininzi izixhobo
I- Federal Reserve yenze izixhobo ezininzi ezintsha kunye ezintsha zokulwa neengxaki zemali zika - 2008 . Ngoku ukuba le nkathazo iphelile, iyanqanyulwa kakhulu.
Kodwa zilungele ukusetyenziswa kweFed ngexesha elizayo ngenkqubela yezoqoqosho.
- Imali yeeNkxaso-mali zeMali-mali
- Ixesha lokuThengwa kweeNkcitho
- Isibonelelo soNcedo lwePhepha
- Ixesha lokuThengwa kweeNkcitho
- Iphepha lezorhwebo elixhaswe nge-Asset Imarike yeMarike ye-Mutual Fund
- I-Primary Dealer Credit Facility