Ibhanki yeeBhanki eziMdaka
Ingaba isebenza kanjani
Ibhanki ebolekayo kufuneka ibeke imali yokubambisa kwi-Fed ngokubuyisela imboleko.
Ukubambisa okunjalo kunokubandakanya iibhidi ze-Nondyebo ze-US, iibhondi, kunye namanqaku , iziqinisekiso zoburhulumente belizwe kunye neendawo zendawo, i-AAA mortgages, imali-mboleko yomthengi kunye nemali-mboleko yezorhwebo . Ngo-1999, i-Federal Reserve nayo yamkela iSatifikethi seSatifikethi se-Deposithi kunye ne-AAA-rateed -backed securities .
I-Fed iwahlawulise izinga lokunciphisa isaphulelo . Iipesenti ze-0.5 ephezulu kunomyinge wenzalo abahlawulana ngayo ngobusuku obubolekayo, ixabiso lemali . I-Fed yenza ukuba izinga layo liphakame kuba likhetha iibhanki ziboleka omnye komnye. Nantsi iqondo lokusaphulelo langoku.
Ngenxa yoko, ibhanki igweme ukusebenzisa ifestile yokuphuhlisa ngokubanzi. Kuwuphawu lokuba kukho into engalunganga ukuba ayikwazi ukufumana iimali mboleko kwezinye iibhanki. Kubonakala ngathi unyanzelekile ukuba unyanzelekile ukuba uhlawule izinga eliphezulu le-Fed ukufumana nayiphi na imali mboleko. Oku kwenza ezinye iibhanki zibe nzima ukuba zibolekise kwikamva.
I-Fed isebenzisa iwindi yokuphuhlisa ukuze inikezele ngokugqibela ukuboleka imali.
Kwakhona isebenzisa iwindow kunye nezinye izixhobo ukuphumeza umgaqo-mali . Ngokomzekelo, iphakamisa izinga lokuphuhlisa xa lifuna ukunciphisa ukunikezelwa kwemali . Ngokuqhelekileyo iphakamisa izinga lokunyusa imali ngexesha elifanayo. Oku kunika ibhanki imali encinci ukuboleka, ukunciphisa ukukhula koqoqosho. Oko kubizwa ngokuba ngumgaqo-nkqubo wezemali , kwaye kusetyenziswe ukulwa nemali.
Okuchasene nomgaqo-nkqubo wezemali wandisa , kwaye isetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukukhula. Ukwenza oku, i-Fed iyanciphisa isaphulelo kunye namaxabiso e-Fed. Oku kwandisa imali. Inika ibhanki imali engaphezulu yokuboleka.
I-Fed inamanye amathuluzi amaninzi ayisebenzisayo ukunweba okanye ukunciphisa ukuboleka kwebhanki. Isixhobo sayo esisetyenzisiweyo sisisetyenziselwe kwimakethe evulekileyo . Ukwandisa ukuboleka imali, ithengisa iibhanki zebhanki. Iyakuthatha indawo ngekhredithi kwibhalansi yebhanki. Oku kunika ibhanki imali engaphezulu yokuboleka. Ukunyanzelisa imali, iFed iyayifaka imali yebhanki ngamasheya. Ibhanki ayinayo ikhetho xa iFed ifuna ukuthengisa iziqinisekiso. Ukunciphisa ukulinganiswa kukunyuka okukhulu kwemisebenzi yemarike evulekileyo. Ngexesha leengxaki zemali, i-Fed yadala ezinye izixhobo ezininzi ezintsha .
I-Fed iphakamisa kwaye ihlawula ixabiso ngeKomiti ye- Federal Open Market , iMenenja yokuSebenza ye-Fed. Idibana namaxesha asibhozo ngonyaka. Nantsi ishedyuli yentlanganiso ye-FOMC kunye nesishwankathelo sezenzo zakutshanje.
Imbali yeFowuni yeSaphulelo
Xa i-Fed yasungulwa ngowe-1913, iwindow yokuphuhlisa yayiyiziko eliphambili. Inika i-valve eyimfuneko ngexesha lokuxakeka. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha le-Y2K ka-1999 kwaye emva koko emva kokuhlaselwa kwe-9/11 , i-Fed ikhululile imiqobo yayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ibhanki inemali eninzi.
Ngelo xesha, i-Fed yafuna ukuba ibhanki ibonise ukuba ayinayo enye imithombo yemali. Kungenxa yokuba isaphulelo sokunciphisa sisezantsi kunezinga lezimali zeFed. Ngako ke, ezininzi iibhanki zazikhusela iwindow yokunciphisa nangona ziyimfuneko.
NgoJanuwari 2003, iFed yatshintsha inkqubo leyo ngeenkqubo eziphambili nezesekondari. Nangona kunjalo, iibhanki zisadingeka ukuba zibe neenjongo ezifanelekileyo zokufumana iprogram ephambili. Ukuba ngaba basesimweni esifanelekileyo, banokukwazi kuphela ukufumana inkqubo yesibini, ehlawula umlinganiselo ophezulu. Kodwa ngenxa yebhanki engasebenzi kakuhle, kusenokukhetha ngaphezu kokuphuma kwishishini kwaye ithathwa yi- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation .
Kukho inkqubo yesithathu yamabhanki asekuhlaleni. Ifowuni. Inkqubo yokunciphisa isantya inokubanika inkxaso-mali yesikhashana ukuba kufuneka babole imali kumafama, abafundi, iihotele kunye nabanye ababolekayo.
Akukho sikhokelo esixhomekeke kule nkqubo.
Uninzi kunje, iFed isetyenzisiwe iwindi yokuphuhlisa ukupompa iimpahla ezongezelelweyo kwiimarike ngexesha leengxaki zemali . Amabhanki anokuhlala ethembele kwiwindow yokuphuhlisa ukubonelela ngempahla xa umsebenzi oqhelekileyo ukhululeka. Kodwa i-Fed iguqula kuphela iwindow yokuphulukana kwimeko engxamisekileyo. (Umthombo: Iwindow yokuHlawula i-Federal Reserve.)