Iimali ezithintekayo zenzalo zenza njani imali engakumbi
Umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali owandisiweyo uphazamisa isigaba sokuchasana nomjikelezo wezoshishino .
Kodwa kunzima kubapolisi ukuba babambe oku ngexesha. Ngenxa yoko, usibona umgaqo-nkqubo wokunyuselwa usetyenzisiweyo emva kokuqala kwemali .
Ingaba isebenza kanjani
Masisebenzise ibhanki ephakathi yase-US, i- Federal Reserve , njengomzekelo. Isixhobo esisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo seFed yimisebenzi yemakethe evulekileyo . Yilapho ithe ithengisa amanqaku eNondyebo kumabhanki ayo amalungu. Ufumana phi imali yokwenza njalo? I-Fed idala nje i-credit ngaphandle kwomoya ococekileyo. Yiloo nto abantu bathethayo xa besithi iFed iyashicilela imali .
Ngokufaka amanqaku kwiNondyebo ngetyala kwi-coffers yebhanki, i-Fed ibanika imali engaphezulu yokuboleka. Amabhanki anciphisa amaxabiso okuboleka imali, enze imali-mboleko kwi-auto, isikolo kunye namakhaya angabibizi. Baye banciphise amazinga omdla wekhadi lesikweletu . Yonke le ngxowa-mali eyongezelelweyo ikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemali yabathengi .
Xa iimali-mboleko zoshishino zifikeleleka kakhulu, iinkampani zinokukhula ukuze ziqhubeke nezidingo zabathengi. Baqeshe abasebenzi abaninzi, abafumana imali yokufumana imali , bavumela ukuba bathenge ngaphezulu.
Oku kudla ngokwaneleyo ukuvuselela imfuno, nokuqhuba ukukhula koqoqosho kwizinga eliphezulu leepesenti 2-3 .
I- Federal Open Market Commit inganciphisa izinga lemali elondliwe . Ixabiso leebhanki zihlawulana ngokubambisa iimbotyi zobusuku. I-Fed ifuna ibhanki ukuba igcine inani elithile lazo idipozithi ezigcinwe kwiofisi yesebe yase-Federal Reserve nganye ebusuku.
Ezi mabhanki ezingaphezu kwamandla abo ziza kuboleka imali engaphezulu kweebhanki ezingenayo ngokwaneleyo, ukuhlawula isamba semali esondliwe. Xa i-Fed iyancipha izinga elijoliswe kuyo, kuba yinto ebiza ukuba ibhanki igcine iindawo zayo zokugcina, ibanike imali engaphezulu yokuboleka. Ngenxa yoko, iibhanki zinokunciphisa amaxabiso enzala ahlawula abathengi bawo.
Isixhobo sesithathu se-Fed sisilinganiso sokunciphisa . Inzala yenzalo iFed ityala iibhanki ezibolekayo kwifestile yokuphuhlisa . Nangona kunjalo, iibhanki azivumi ukusebenzisa iwindow yokunciphisa ngenxa yokuba kukho ukungcola. I-Fed ibhekwa njengetyala lomsebenzi wokugqibela. Amabhanki asebenzisa kuphela iwindow yokunciphisa xa bengenakufumana iimali mboleko nakwezinye iibhanki. Amabhanki analo mbono, nangona isantya sokunciphisa sisoloko sisezantsi kunezinga lemali elondliwe. I-Fed iyanciphisa izinga lokunciphisa xa liyanciphisa izinga lokunyusa imali.
I-Fed ayisebenzisi nhlobo isetyenzisi sayo sefom, esinciphisa imfuneko yokugcina . Nangona oku kwangoko kwandise ukwanda kwamanzi, kufuna kwakhona imigaqo emitsha nenkqubo yamabhanki amalungu. Kulula kakhulu ukunciphisa izinga leemali ezidliwayo, kwaye kusebenza ngendlela efanayo. Ngexesha leengxaki zemali, i-Fed yadala ezininzi izixhobo zomgaqo-nkqubo wezemali .
Inkqubo yokuNyuka kweMali
Ukuba i-Fed ibeka utywala oluninzi kwinkqubo yeebhanki, ingozi ibangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso.
Yilapho amaxabiso aphakama ngaphezu kwe-2% ye-Fed yokujoliswa kwexabiso lentengo . I-Fed ibeka eli joliswe ekukhuthazeni imfuno enempilo. Xa abathengi balindele ukuba amanani atyuke ngokuthe ngcembe, banako ukuthenga ngaphezulu ngoku.
Ingxaki iqala xa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuphezulu kunama-2-3 ekhulwini. Abathengi baqala ukugcina ukugcina ukukhupha amaxabiso aphezulu kamva. Oko kuqhuba kufuna ngokukhawuleza, okubangela ukuba ishishini livelise ngaphezulu, kwaye liqeshe abasebenzi abaninzi. Ingeniso eyongezelelweyo ivumela abantu ukuba basebenzise ngaphezulu, bakhuthaze ngakumbi imfuno.
Ngamanye amaxesha amashishini aqala ukuphakamisa amaxabiso kuba ayazi ukuba akakwazi ukuvelisa ngokwaneleyo. Amanye amaxesha, aphakamisa amanani kuba iindleko zabo ziyanda. Ukuba ikhupha ngaphandle kokulawula, ingenza i- hyperinflation . Yilapho amaxabiso aphakama ama-50 ekhulwini okanye ngaphezulu kwenyanga. Ngezinye iinkcukacha, jonga iintlobo ze-Inflation .
Ukumisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, iFed ibeka iibhuleki ngokufezekisa umgaqo-mali wecala okanye umgaqo-mali . I-Fed iphakamisa iirhafu zentengo kwaye ithengisa iimpahla zayo zeeNondyebo kunye nezinye iibhondi. Oku kunciphisa imali yokubonelela ngemali, kuvimbela ukuthengiswa kwexabiso kunye nokucima ukukhula koqoqosho . Iinjongo zeFed kukugcina ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwinqanaba layo elijoliswe kwi-2 kwikota ngelixa ugcina ukungaphangeli kwemisebenzi phantsi.
Izixhobo Ezinobuchule Eziye Zanqoba Ukubuyiswa Okukhulu
Ngaphantsi kobunkokheli beSihlalo we- Federal Reserve uBen Bernanke , iFed yenze isobho se-alfabhethi yenkqubo yokuphuhlisa imigaqo-mali yemali yokulwa neengxaki zemali ka - 2008 . Zizo zonke iindlela zokupompa i-credit engaphezulu kwinkqubo yezemali. I-Term Auctions Facility yavumela iibhanki ukuba zithengise iimali zabo zokubambisa iimali zenkxaso-mboleko kwi-Fed. Ngokubambisana neSebe lezeNondyebo , iFed yanikezela ngeNkxaso-mboleko yeeNkxaso-mali eziThaswayo . Yenza into efanayo kwiziko lezemali eliphethe ityala lekharityhulam ye-subprime.
Ekuphenduleni kwenkqubo yokubhubhisa kwimali yemarike yemali ngoSeptemba 19, 2008, i-Fed yazisa i-Asset-Backed yePhepha leNkxaso-mali yeMali ye- Mutual Fund yobungozi. Le nkqubo ibole imali eyi-122.8 yezigidi kwiibhanki kwaye iboleka imali kwiimarike zemali. Ngo-Oktobha, iFed yakha iSibonelelo seNkxaso-mali seMali-mali, esiboleke ngqo kwiimarike zemali ngokwazo.
Iindaba ezilungileyo kukuba i-Fed yasabela ngokukhawuleza kwaye yenzelwe ukucima ukuwa kwezimali. Iimarike zeebrari zazityhutyhile, kwaye ngaphandle kwempendulo enqabileyo, imali yemini yemihla ekufuneka isebenze ukuba iqhubeke isebenza iya kumile. Iindaba ezimbi kukuba uluntu aluzange luyiqonde ukuba zeziphi iinkqubo ezenzileyo, ngoko zaba ngesohlwayo kwiinjongo zeFed kunye namandla. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni kuqhutywe i- Aud audited , eyayizalisekiswa ngokukodwa yi- Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act .
I-Fed yadala neyona ndlela enamandla kakhulu yemisebenzi yemarike evuliwe eyaziwa ngokuba yi -easing easing , apho yongeza khona ukuthenga okungekho kwemali ekuthengisweni kwayo. Ngo-2011, i-Fed yadala i- Operation Twist . Xa iinqununu zayo zexesha elifutshane zafika ngenxa, zazithengisa kwaye zasebenzisa imali yokuthenga amanqaku exesha elide leNondyebo. Eyinciphisa ixabiso lentlalo elide elide, okwenza imali yokuthenga imali ibe nexabiso eliphezulu.