Ulwahlulo loQoqosho oluchazwe ngeMzekelo

by Kimberly Amadeo

Iimpawu ezigqithisileyo kwiMbali yase-US

Ukuqhawulwa kwezoqoqosho kukunciphisa umkhiqizo wesizwe njengoko kulinganiswe ngumkhiqizo owenziwe ekhaya . Oko kubandakanya ukwehla kwenzuzo yangomntu, imveliso yoshishino kunye nokuthengiswa kweentengiso . Ukwandisa izinga lokungasebenzi. Iinkampani ziyeka ukuqesha ukugcina imali ebusweni beemfuno eziphantsi. Ekubeni phakathi kweqhekeza, baqala ukulahla abasebenzi, ukuthumela amanqanaba engqesho engaphezulu. Enye yeendlela ezine zomjikelezo wezoshishino , owaziwa nangokuthi umjikelo wokujikeleza .

I-Ofisi yeSizwe yoPhando loQoqosho isebenzisa izikhombisi zezoqoqosho ukuze zichane ukuba kwenzeka nini ukubethelwa. Ukususela ngo-1854, kuye kwaba namaqhinga angama-33. Zihlala zihlala ziinyanga ezili-17.5 nganye. Imbali yeMerika ye -recessions ibonisa ukuba izithintelo zezoqoqosho zingenakugwema, nangona zibuhlungu, iinxalenye zomjikelo.

Ukwaphulwa kubangelwa ukulahlekelwa ngokuzithemba okunciphisa ixabiso . Isiganeko, njengokulungiswa kwemakethe okanye ukuphazamiseka kwempahla, kuyishukumisela. Kodwa imbambano yinyani ilandelelana nesiganeko esapapashwa kakuhle. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukunyuka kwamaxabiso enzala okunciphisa inkunzi .

Abatyalomali bathengisa ama- stocks , bathumela amaxabiso ezantsi kwaye bancitshiswa ngemali kwiinkampani ezinkulu. Amashishini anqumla ukuchitha imali, aze aphelise abasebenzi. Okumisa imali yokuthenga umthengi, okudala ukulahlekelwa kwamashishini kunye nokulahla. Ukuqonda ukuhla kwezomnotho, umntu kufuneka aqaphele izizathu zengqungquthela-shishini , ngokukodwa iimbangela zokunciphisa umnotho

Ukuqhekeka kuphelela xa amaxabiso anokwanela ukukhangela ixabiso elitsha. Umgaqo-mali webhanki oyintloko kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezemali karhulumente unokuphelisa ukukhawulwa ngokukhawuleza. Baya kunciphisa ixabiso lentlawulo kunye neerhafu, kwaye banyuse imali kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali. Le nkqubo ihambelana nezicwangciso zesizwe zokubonelela ngeendlela ezingcono zokungasebenzi .

01 1920s Iintlukwano

Kwakukho ulwaphulo oluninzi lwezoqoqosho ngexesha "leMinyaka engama-28." Ukuqhawulwa kokuqala kwaqala ngoJanuwari 1920. Esinye isizathu sasiyizinga eliphezulu lentlawulo yerhafu yengeniso ye-73 ekhulwini kwimali engaphezulu kwe-1 million yezigidi. Iingeniso ezingama-70 zengeniso yezemali zivela kwiirhafu zerhafu. Ngowe-1921, uWarren Harding waba nguMongameli. Ngethamsanqa, ukunyuka kwemali kwaphela ngoJulayi ngaphandle kokungenelela.

I-Congress yenyusa izinga lokuhlawula irhafu kwi-10 ukuya kwi-12.5 ekhulwini. Kwakhona kwagqitywa uMthetho we-Immigration Immigration Act ukukhawulela inani labafuduki ukuya kuma-3 ekhulwini labantu abangama-1910. Ngo-1922, i-Harding yanciphisa izinga lokuhlawula irhafu eliphezulu ukuya kuma-58 ekhulwini. Ngo-1923, uCalvin Coolidge, waseRephablikhi, waba nguMongameli. Isibhengezo sakhe kwakukunciphisa izinga lokuhlawula irhafu phezulu kuma-43.5 ekhulwini. INkundla Ephakamileyo yatshintshwa umvuzo omncinci kwabasetyhini eWashington DC

Ukubuya kwakhona kwaqala ngoMeyi 1922, kodwa kwaphela ngoJulayi 1924. Nangona ukubethelwa kwemarike yemasheya kwathengisa imarike yenkomo yesibini. Kwakuxhaswa ngokucingisisa nokunyusa. I-Coolidge yenyusa izinga eliphezulu lentela kwiipesenti ezingama-46, ke linciphisa unyaka olandelayo ukuya kuma-25 ekhulwini.

Olunye ulwaphulo lwaqala ngo-Oktobha 1926. Lwaphela ngoNovemba 1927 emva kokuba i-Federal Reserve inciphise amaxabiso enzala. I-Congress yenyusa izinga lokurhweba irhafu kwi-13.5 ekhulwini.

02 1930s: Ukudandatheka Okukhulu

Ukuxinezeleka Okukhulu kwakuyinto enkulu yokwehla kwezoqoqosho kwimbali yase-US. Kwaqala ngo-1929, unyaka u-Herbert Hoover waba nguMongameli. Wanciphisa intlawulo yerhafu yokufumana ingeniso kuma-24 ekhulwini , kunye nezinga eliphezulu lokuhlawula irhafu kwi-12 ekhulwini. Kodwa kwakunzima kakhulu. Uqoqosho lwaye lwaqhawula ngo-Agasti, lwabonisa ukuqala koKuCaluleka okukhulu. NgoSeptemba, imarike yesitokisi yanyuka, yachithwa ngo-Oktobha 24.

03 1940

NgoFebruwari 1945, uqoqosho lwaqala ukufika ngo-Oktobha 1945. I-GDP yanciphisa ama-10,6 ekhulwini ngo-1946. NgoNovemba 1948, uqoqosho lwaqala ukufika ngo-Oktobha 1949. I-GDP yawa i-0.5 ekhulwini ngonyaka. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-WWII kuthetha ukuba urhulumente uyawunqanda ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zempi. Kuthatha inyanga ngaphambi kokuba umshicileli wezentengiselwano uphathe indawo.

04 1950 Iintlukwano

NgoJulayi ka-1953 uqoqosho lwaba neenyanga ezili-10. Kwakungenxa yokuphela kweMfazwe yaseKorea . Ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kwabangelwa ngamaphesenti angama-6.1 ngoSeptemba 1954. I-GDP yafumana i-2.2 ekhulwini kwi-Q3, 5.9 ekhulwini kwi-Q4, kunye ne-1.8 ekhulwini kwi-Q1 1954.

Ngo-Agasti ka-1957, uqoqosho lwaqala ukufika ngo-Apreli 1958. I-GDP yawa ngamaphesenti angama-4 kwi-Q4 1957, yawa ngama-10 ekhulwini kwi-Q1 1958. Ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kwabakho kwi-7.1% ngo-Septemba 1958.

05 1960

Ngomhla ka-Ephreli 1960, uqoqosho lwenziwa ngeenyanga ezili-10. I-GDP yaba yi--1.5 ekhulwini kwi-Q2 kunye ne -4.8 ekhulwini kwi-Q4. Ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kwafikelela kwinani elingama-7.1 ekhulwini ngo-Meyi 1961. UMongameli uKennedy wagqiba ukunyuka kwemali ngokusetyenziswa kwemali.

06 1970

NgoNovemba ka-1973, uqoqosho lwaqala ukufika ngo-Matshi 1975. Okokuqala, uMongameli uNixon ugunyazisile ukulawulwa kwexabiso lomvuzo. Yigcina ixabiso kunye nemivuzo kakhulu. Abathengi banciphisa ukufunwa . Amashishini aqeshwe abasebenzi. Okwesibini, i-Nixon isusile idoli yaseMelika ukusuka kwimigangatho yegolide . Okudala ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ixabiso legolide liphakanyiselwe kwi-$ 120 enye kunye nexabiso leli dola liye lahla. Imigaqo yakhe yokubhubhisa yenza i- stagflation kunye nekota ezintathu zokulandelana.

Ngo-1974 i- Q3 -3.8 iphesenti, i-Q4 -1.6 ekhulwini.
Ngo-1975 i- Q1 -4.7 ekhulwini.

07 1980 Ulwahlulo

I-1980 yokunciphisa umnotho yayiyintlupheko yesithathu yezoqoqosho eyingozi kakhulu kwimbali yase-US. Kwakunzima ukubetha kuba kwakukho ukunyuka kwamaxabiso amabini. Ukuchasana nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kuthiwa yi- stagflation . Oku kubangelwa yimigaqo-nkqubo kaMongameli we-Nixon. I-Fed yaphakamisa amaxabiso omyinge ukuya kuma-20 ekhulwini ukulwa nokunyuka kwamaxabiso . Oko kwanyusa iindleko zezoshishino kwaye kwadala ulwaphulo.

Yaqala ngoJanuwari 1980. Kwakubonakala ngathi yayingaphaya kweenyanga ezintandathu. Ngo-1981, uMongameli uReeagan wathatha isikhundla. I-Fed yaqala ukunciphisa amazinga omdla, ekubeni ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwaba ngamazinga aqhelekileyo. Kodwa ukuchaswa kwabuya ngoJulayi 1981 kwaze kwaphela ngoNovemba ka-1982. Uqoqosho luchothole kwikota ye-12. Oku kubandakanya ukuhla kweepesenti ezingama-7.9 kwikota yesibini ye-1980 kunye ne-6.5 yeepesenti yehla kwikota yokuqala ye-1982. Ukungasebenzi kuye kwanda kwirekhodi ye-10.8 ekhulwini ngoNovemba ka-1982. Kwahlala ngaphezulu kwe-10 kwiinyanga ezili-10.

UReagan unciphisa isantya sokufumana irhafu engenayo ukusuka kuma-70 ekhulwini ukuya kuma-28 ekhulwini. Wanciphisa izinga lokuhlawula irhafu kwi-48 ukuya kuma-34 ekhulwini. Nangona wathembisa ukunciphisa iindleko zikaRhulumente, waphindwa kabili echitha. Iipolisi zakhe zokuncedisa imali ziphelile.

08 1990

NgoJulayi 1990, uqoqosho lwaqala ukuya ngoMatshi 1991. Lubangelwa yiCrisis Savings and Loan Crisis ngo-1989. I-GDP yayingu -3.4 ekhulwini kwi-Q4 1990 kunye ne--1.9 ekhulwini kwi-Q1 1991.

09 2000

Ngowe-2001, uqoqosho lwaye lwaqala ukusebenza ngoNovemba ka-2001. I-Y2K yatshitshisa ngenxa yokuqhuba imfuno yeekhompyutha. Eyadala i-boom kunye nekhwela. Kwakuhluthwa ngokuhlaselwa kwe-9/11. Uqoqosho luya kubanjwa kwiikota ezimbini: i-Q1 -1.1 neepesenti ze-Q3 -1.3.

Ngonyaka ka- 2008 , iRest Recession yayiyinkcaso enkulu kunazo zonke e-US ukususela ngoxinzelelo. Uqoqosho lwaba ne-0.7 ekhulwini kwikota yokuqala. Kuphuculwe kwikota yesibini, kodwa emva koko kukhontrakthi kwikota yesithathu, loo nto yahlala kwikota ezine ezilandelelanayo.

-2.7 ekhulwini kwi-Q1
-1.9 ekhulwini kwi-Q3
-8.3 ekhulwini kwi-Q4
-5.4 ekhulwini kwi-Q1 2009
-0.5 ekhulwini kwi-Q2