Babenjani, Bakuchaphazela Kanjani Namhlanje?
Uninzi lwethu luvile nge-Bay of Pigs, iCrisis of Missile Crisis, kunye nomncintiswano kwenyanga. I-JFK yaziwa kakhulu ngomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle ngaphandle kwanoma yini enye.
Emva koko, wayengumongameli waseMelika owayemi kwiSango laseBerlin waza wathi, "Namhlanje, kwihlabathi lenkululeko, oziqhenyayo kukuba 'u-Ich bin ein Berliner.'" Isihlwele sahamba! AmaJamani aseJalimane ayeva inkxaso yakhe kwisixeko sawo esasandule ukwahlukana ngamaKomanisi ayehlala e-East Berlin.
Kwi-front yangaphambili, sonke sivile intetho eyaziwayo yeKennedy yokuvula, "Musa ukubuza ukuba ilizwe lakho lingenzela ntoni. Buza into ongayenza ngayo ilizwe lakho." Kwakunamandla ngenxa yokuba wayedala umbono wokukhokela ilizwe ngaphandle kwe-1960. Wayesandula ukuphumelela umncintiswano osondelene kakhulu nomongameli. I-TV ipundits ithi i-JFK iphumelele ngenxa yokuba wayebukeka kakuhle kwiskrini kwaye yayingaphezulu kwe-media-savvy ngaphezu komdlali. Kodwa umchasi wakhe, uSekela-Mongameli uRichard Nixon , uthe emva kweminyaka elahlekile ngenxa yokungasebenzi.
Ingxoxo yentetho kaKennedy yadala ukuzithemba ngobunkokeli bakhe kunye nolwalathiso. Ngokugqithisileyo waqhubeka nokunyusa umyinge weemali zeemali ukuze ahlawule uqoqosho ngaphandle kokulwa neCongress.
Wathembise ukuba uza kuchitha de kubekho amashishini aqeshisa kwakhona. Watsho esidlangalaleni ukuba akazange akhathalele ngetyala lelizwe , yindlela ayenayo ngayo "ilizwe elihambahamba kwakhona."
Ukunciphisa i-JFK yokunciphisa imali , ukunyamekela ngemilinganiselo yanamhlanje. Kuye kwabonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweentlawulo zeburhulumenteni kubangelwa uqoqosho olucebisayo.
Kwakhona wandisa umvuzo omncinci, uphuculo lweNtlalo loPhuculo, kwaye wadlulisela ipakethe yokuhlaziywa kwedolophini. Ekugqibeleni kuncinci, wagxininisa isizwe ekuncedeni ingxaki engqondweni.
1960 Ukubuya
UKennedy wagijima waya eofisini ngokumelene nePhini likaMongameli weRiphablikhi uRichard Nixon ngexesha lokunciphisa umnotho we-1960, owaqala ngo-Ephreli. Nangona namhlanje iingcali ezininzi zithi ziphumelele ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa kwakhe kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendaba, abavoti beli xesha baphendule kwisithembiso sakhe esinzima sokuba uMelika aphinde abuye.
Ukwehla kwemali kubangelwa ngumgaqo- mali wenkcitho , njengoko i-Federal Reserve yaphakamisa amaxabiso enzala ukuya kuma-3.99 ekhulwini ukwenzela ukukhawulela ukukhula kwe-1959 ye-7.25 ekhulwini. Ngethuba lonyulo ngo-1960, uqoqosho lwaluhlahla iipesenti ezingama-4.2. Ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kuye kwanda kuma-6.6 ekhulwini. Oku kwakuzithobekile xa kuthelekiswa nembali yeentlawulo .
U-Kennedy waphelisa umnotho ngeendlela ezimbini. Okokuqala, wabeka umbono okhuthazayo weli lizwe kwiNtetho yakhe yokuvula, apho wathi:
Kwimbali ende yehlabathi, izizukulwana ezimbalwa zinikezelwe indima yokukhusela inkululeko ngexesha layo leengozi enkulu. Andiyi kuhlawulela kulo xanduva - ndiyakwamkela. Andikholelwa ukuba nayiphi na yethu iya kutshintshisa indawo kunye nabanye abantu okanye nasiphi na isizukulwana. Amandla, ukholo, ukuzinikela esikuzisa kulo msebenzi kuya kukhanyisa ilizwe lethu kunye nabo bonke abakhonzayo - kwaye ukukhanya okuvela kuloo mlilo kunokuyikhanyisa ngokwenene ihlabathi.
Kwaye ke, mawethu aseMerika: musa ukubuza ukuba ilizwe lakho lingazenzela ntoni - cela into ongayenza ngayo ilizwe lakho.
Abemi bam bemi yehlabathi: Musa ukubuza ukuba iMelika iya kukwenzela ntoni, kodwa yintoni enye esinokuyenza ngenkululeko yomntu.
Okwesibini, wazalisekisa isibambiso sakhe. Kwi-Aderesi yakhe yokuqala yeNdibaniso yeeNyunyana, wathi, "Ndiza kuphakamisa ngaphakathi kweentsuku ezili-14 ezilandelayo ezijoliswe ekuqinisekiseni ukuphulukana ngokukhawuleza kunye nokwenza indlela yokukhula kwexesha elide."
UKennedy wenza oku ngokupompa izigidigidi kwi-economic right away. Akazange adinge imvume yeCongress. Wayelele i-arhente yee-federal ukuba ihambise imali yabo yokuchitha imali ngokukhawuleza. Ngale ndlela, i-JFK ilahle iiligidi ezigidi zeedola kwiimali zengxowa-mali zendlela kawonkewonke. Wakhawulezisa ukuhlawula ixabiso lentengo yefama, ukubuyiselwa kweerhafu, kunye ne-GI yemali ye-inshorensi yobomi. Wadala iProgram yeSondamp yoNyaka kunye neeNkxaso zeeNgqesho ezandisiweyo.
Ekugqibeleni, wacela i- Federal Reserve ukuba isebenzise imisebenzi yayo yemarike evulekileyo ukuthenga amanqaku e-Treasury. Ukunyuka kwakuza kugcina amazinga omyinge wexesha elide.
I-Fed iye yanciphisa isantya semali esondliwe evela kwi-4% ukuya kwi-1.98 yeepesenti ukwenzela ukunciphisa amaxabiso atshanje. Ukuhlaziywa kwemveliso emveliso engaphantsi komnyaka kubonisa ukukhula kwanda ngamaphesenti angama-2,6 ngo-1961, kwaye ngo-6.1 ekhulwini ngo-1963.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, uKennedy wenza kucacile ukuba uya kuqhubeka nokusetyenziswa kweentlawulo zikaRhulumente ngokukhawuleza ukuba akupheli kuphela ukupheliswa kwemali kodwa ufumane ukubuyiswa kokuqala. Wenza okulungileyo kwizwi lakhe, ukulwa nokukhula kwe-6.1 yepesenti yokungasebenzi .
Ukuchitha imali
Phakathi kowe-1961-1963, uKennedy wongezelela i-$ 23 yezigidi kwi-ityala likazwelonke. Kwakuyi-8 yeepesenti ephakamileyo ukuya kwi-289 yeebhilidi zee-bhilidi ekupheleni kwebhajethi yokugqibela ye-Eisenhower. Ukulahleka kwakhe kwemali kuye kwaphela ukupheliswa komnotho kwaye kwanegalelo ekunyukisweni kwada kwada kwada kwafika ngowe-1970. Akuzange kwongeze ityala elikhulu kwi- US xa kuthelekiswa namanye amongameli .
Ukongeza kwenkcitho, i-JFK iphinde ikhuthaze ukucutha kweerhafu . Kwidilesi yakhe kwiQumrhu lezoQoqosho leNew York ngoDisemba 1962, waxoxisana nokuchitha imali ngaphezulu kwimfundo, ukwandisa uphando nophuhliso, kunye nokuhlawula irhafu. Ngelo xesha ireyithi yentlawulo yengeniso yayingamaphesenti angama-91, afuna ukuhlalela kuma-65 ekhulwini.
Ukhuselo kunye neMfazwe yaseVietnam
Injongo ephambili kaKennedy yayikukhusela imfuno yaseMelika malunga nokwandiswa kweSoviet Union. NgoFebruwari 1961, wagunyazisa i-Bay of Pigs inhlekelele. Kwakuyizame ezingaphumeleli zokugumbuqela inkokheli yamaKhomanisi uFidel Castro.
NgoJuni 1961, uJFK wadibana nenkokheli yaseSoviet uKicita Khrushchev, owayesongela ukuba afikelele e-US ukuya eBerlin. I-USSR yanikwa i-East Berlin ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ekuphenduleni, uKennedy wongezelela uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lokhuselo ngokunyusa amandla omkhosi we-missile. Wongeza kwi-Air Force kunye neeNdawo zokuLondoloza, kunye nemibutho emithathu yempi.
Ngomhla ka-Agasti 13, 1961, urhulumente waseSoviet wamisa iWall Wall. Yavimbela abemi bayo kwicala elingasempuma yesixeko ukuba bahambe baye kwicala laseJamani entshonalanga. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, uKennedy wanika inkulumo yakhe edumile eludongeni, ethembisa ukuxhasa inkululeko nokuchasana nobukhomanisi.
Ngo-Oktobha 1962, uKennedy wafumanisa ukuba iiSoviet zakha izakhiwo ze-nyukliya eCuba. Ugunyazisile ukukhutshwa kwesiqithi, kwaye i-USSR isusile amaziko.
Ngo-Agasti 1963, amagosa aseMzantsi Vietnam axubusha ukuphendulela kwe-US ekubambeni kukaRhulumente kaMongameli uDiem. I-JFK inyuse i-American aid kunye nabacebisi bezempi base-US ukuya kuma-16,000. NgoNovemba 1963, uDiem wabulawa. Umkhosi wawuthatha, uqinisekile ukuxhaswa kwe-US. Ngaloo ndlela, i-JFK yabeka isiseko seMfazwe yaseVietnam.
I-Kennedy neMpilo yengqondo
Ngo-Oktobha 24, 1963, uMongameli uKennedy wasayina iMpilo yabaMama kunye nabantwana kunye nokuCwangciswa koKhuselo koMqondo kuMthetho woKhuseleko loLuntu. Yanike inkxaso ngemali yokuchaza ukuphucula iinkqubo zabo. Ngo-Oktobha 31, watyikitya iZibonelelo zokuKhulelwa kweMental kunye noMthetho woKwakha weeNkonzo zezeMpilo zengqondo.
Emva kokusayina lo Mthetho, uKennedy wathi, "... Umntu oswele ngengqondo akafunekanga ukuba ngumntu ongenalo ukuthanda okanye ukugqithisa ukunceda uluntu lwethu." Wayenomdla ngakumbi kwiimfuno zabo ekubeni udadewabo omncinci uRosemary wazalelwa ngokukhubazeka kwengqondo.
UMthetho uxhaswa ngemali kumaziko ezempilo yengqondo ukubonelela ngoncedo olungcono kunezibhedlele zengqondo. Okanye, ubuncinane, kwakuyilo cwangciso. Kunoko, uvale izibhedlele zabo zengqondo. Ukuxhaswa ngemali kwakungonelanelekanga, kwaye emva koko kwinqunyiwe, kumaziko oluntu. Iipesenti ezi-5 kuphela zezigulane ezaphathwa kumaziko zazingqondweni. Ngexesha elide, izigulane ezininzi zezibhedlele zezonyango zithunyelwa kumakhaya asebekhuselweyo abonelelwe yi-Medicare neMedicaid. Oku kwakuqala kokususwa komthetho .
Iminyaka Yokuqala Yonyaka kaKennedy
UJohn F. Kennedy wazalwa ngo-Meyi 29, 1917. Wathola i-BA kwisayensi yezopolitiko evela kwiHarvard College ngowe-1940, waphumelela i-cum laude. Wajoyina iMavy kusukela ngo-1940-1945 ukulwa neMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Walawula isikebhe se-PT-109 isikebhe sabo satshiswa ngumtshabalazi waseJapan. Wamkela i-Purple Heart and Navy ne-Marine Corps Medal ngokubhukuda iiyure ezine ukugcina enye yamadoda akhe.
Waba ngumbutho we-US Congress evela eBoston ngaphambi kokuba abe uSenator wase-US waseMassachusetts ngo-1953. Wamkela i-Pulitzer Prize kwimbali yakhe ethi "Iiprofiles of Courage."
Ngomnyaka we-1956, uKennedy wamkhumbula kakhulu uMtyunjwa we- Democratic Vice-President. Waba ngumongameli wee-1960 ngo-1960. I-JFK ichaze umbono wakhe we-"New Frontier" yaseMerika kule ntetho. Washaya i-Vice-Mongameli uRichard M. Nixon ngomda omncinci kakhulu ngokuthembisa ukuphelisa umnotho. (Umthombo: "Kwiingxaki," uKennedy.)
Ezinye iinkqubo zooMongameli zoQoqosho
- UDonald Trump (2017 - 2021)
- UBarack Obama (2009 - 2017)
- UGeorge W. Bush (2001 - 2009)
- UBill Clinton (1993 - 2001)
- URonald Reagan (ngo-1981 ukuya ku-1989)
- URichard Nixon (1969 - 1974)
- ULyndon B Johnson (1963 - 1969)
- UFranklin D. Roosevelt (1933 - 1945)