Kutheni Kuthetha Ukuba Inzala Yenzalo Kufuneka Iphakame?
Injongo ye-Fed yokunyuka kwamaxabiso yintengo yokunyuka kwamaxabiso e-2 ekhulwini. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso emali kunyaka-nyaka kunyuka kwenyusa izinga lokutya okunamandla kunye namaxabiso eoli . I- Index yexabiso labathengi ibonakaliso lokunyuka kwexabiso eliqhelekileyo kuluntu.
I-Fed ikhetha i- Individual Expenditures Index Index . Isebenzisa iifomula ezigqithise ngakumbi ukunyaniseka kuneCPI.
Ukuba i-PCE Index yexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso eliphezulu liphuma ngaphezulu kweepesenti ezi-2, ngoko i-Fed isebenzisa umgaqo-mali wenkcitho.
Indlela iPolisi yeMali yokuPhepha isetyenziswa ngayo
Umgca wokuqala wokukhusela we-Fed uphakamisa ithagethi yezinga lokuxhaswa kwemali . Oku kwandisa izinga lokuba iibhanki zihlawulane zibole imali ukuze zihlangabezane neemfuno zokugcina . I-Federal Reserve idinga iibhanki zinomlinganiselo othile esandleni ngasinye ubusuku bonke xa zivala iincwadi zazo. Kwiininzi zeebhanki, ezi-10 zeepesenti zazo zizonke. Ngaphandle kwesi simfuno, iibhanki ziya kuboleka nganye idilesi nganye abantu bayifake. Abayi kuba nemali eyaneleyo yokugcina iindleko zokusebenza xa kukho naziphi na iimali-mboleko ezingekho phantsi.
Ukuphakanyiswa kwezinga leemali ezixhaswe ngumgaqo-mpahla ngenxa yokunciphisa imali yokunikezelwa kwemali .
Amabhanki ahlawula ixabiso lemali ephezulu kwimali-mboleko yabo ukuhlawula isamba semali ephakamileyo. Amashishini aboleke ngaphantsi, musa ukwandisa amaninzi kwaye uqeshe abasebenzi abambalwa. Oku kunciphisa umfuno . Imfuno ephantsi iyanciphisa amaxabiso, igqiba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso.
Okwesibini, iFed inokwandisa imfuneko yendawo yokugcina. Oku akuqhelekanga.
Kuphazamisa kwiibhanki ukutshintsha inkqubo kunye nemimiselo ukuhlangabezana nemfuno emitsha. Ukuphakamisa izinga lokutya kweemali lilula kwaye lifezekisa injongo enye.
Isixhobo sesithathu semisebenzi yemarike evulekileyo . Yilapho i-Fed ithengwa okanye ithengisa ukugcinwa kwayo kwamanqaku e-US Treasury . Ukuphumeza umgaqo-nkqubo wokuchasana, i-Fed ithengisa iTharisurys kwenye yeebhanki zayo zamalungu. Oku kunciphisa imali ekhoyo ukuba iboleke. Oku kunika ibhanki ithuba lokuhlawula inzala ephezulu. Ukunciphisa ukulinganiswa kwakukuchasene nalokhu . Ngaphezulu, khangela iiNkqubo zeMali zeMali .
U mzekelo
Ayikho imizekelo emininzi yomgaqo-nkqubo wezemali olwaphulayo ngenxa yezizathu ezibini. Okokuqala, iFed idla ukuba umnotho ukhule, ungabi nciphisa. Kubaluleke ngakumbi, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso akuzange kube yinkinga ukususela ngowe-1970.
Ngowe-1973, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwaphuma kwi-3.9% ukuya kwi-9.6 ekhulwini. I-Fed yaphakamisa amaxabiso enzala ukusuka kuma-5.75 ekhulwini ukuya kuma-13 ekhulwini ngoJulayi 1974. Naphezu kokunyuka kwamaxabiso, ukukhula koqoqosho kwaphuza, imeko ebizwa ngokuba yi- stagflation . I-Fed yasabela kwingcinezelo yezopolitiko kwaye yawisa isantya ukuya kuma-7.5 ekhulwini ngoJanuwari 1975. Umgaqo-mali we-Fed ukuyeka umgaqo-mali wemali uthethe ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwi-10-12 yeepesenti ngo-Ephreli 1975. Amashishini awazange ahlawule amaxabiso xa amaxabiso ehla ahla.
Abazange bazi ukuba i-Fed iya kubavusa kwakhona. Xa uPaul Volcker waba nguSihlalo we-Fed ngowe-1979, wenyusa izinga lokuxhasa imali kwi-20 ekhulwini. Wawugcina apho, ekugqibeleni wabeka intsika ngenhliziyo yentengo.
Uwayesakuba nguMongameli we- Federal Reserve uBen Bernanke uthe umgaqo-mali we-contractionary wabangela ukuCaluleka okukhulu . I-Fed yayisungule imigaqo-mali yokuphambana nemigangatho yokunciphisa i- hyperinflation ekupheleni kwee-1920. Kodwa ngexesha lokunciphisa imali okanye ukukhwabaniswa kwemakethe ye-stock market ka-1929 , ayizange ishintshe kwinkqubo yemali yokwandisa njengoko kufanele ukuba nayo. Waqhubeka nokuchasene nomgaqo-mali wezemali kunye nokuphakanyiswa kwamazinga .
Oko kwakungenxa yokuba iidola zazisekelwe ngumgangatho wegolide . I-Fed ayifuni ukuba abacebisi bazithengise iidola zabo zegolide baze bachithe i-Fort Knox. Umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali owandisiweyo wawuya kudala ukunyuka kwamaxabiso empilo.
Endaweni yoko, i-Fed ikhusele ixabiso leli dola kwaye idale ukungcola okukhulu. Oku kwakunceda ukuguqulwa kweemali kwixesha elide elidlulileyo.