Kutheni Ikhaya Lakho Elitsha Liya Kubiza Uninzi Lonyaka Olandelayo
Umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali okhuseleyo ngowona ndlela iibhanki eziphambili zinciphisa ukukhula koqoqosho. Kubizwa ngokuba ngumqobo ngenxa yokuba iibhanki zinqanda ukuthengisa. Iyanciphisa inani lemali kunye nekhredithi ukuba iibhanki ziboleka. Ihlisa imali ngokunikezela ngemali-mboleko, amakhadi enkoleko kunye nemali yokuthenga imali ebiza kakhulu. Okubangela ukufunwa, okunciphisa ukukhula koqoqosho kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso . Umgaqo-mali we-curricary also known as policy policy contractionary .
Injongo
Injongo yomgaqo-nkqubo wezemali ukukhusela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ukunyuka kwexabiso elincinci kunempilo. Ukwenyuka kwamaxabiso okwenyuka kwe-2 okwenene kwintsebenziswano yezoqoqosho kubangelwa ukuba kukhuthazwe imfuno . Abantu balindele ukuba amanani abe phezulu emva koko, bathenga ngakumbi ngoku. Yingakho iibhanki ezininzi eziphambili zijolise ekunyuseni kwamaxabiso ezi-2 kwipesenti.
Ukuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuphezulu, kuyonakalisa. Abantu bathenga kakhulu ngoku ukuphepha ukuhlawula amaxabiso aphezulu kamva. Oku kubangela ukuba amashishini akhiqize ngaphezulu ukuba asebenzise inzuzo enkulu. Ukuba abanako ukuvelisa ngaphezulu, baya kuphakamisa amanani angaphezulu. Bathatha abasebenzi abaninzi, ngoko ke abantu banemali ephezulu, ngoko bachitha ngaphezulu. Kuba ngumjikelo onobukrakra ukuba uhamba kakhulu. Kungenxa yokuba kunokudala ukunyuka kwexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso, apho ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kumanani aphindwe kabini. Okubi nakakhulu, kunokubangela ukuba i- hyperinflation , apho amaxabiso aphakama ngama-50 ekhulwini ngenyanga. Ukukhula koqoqosho akuyi kukwazi ukuhambisana namaxabiso.
Ngezinye iinkcukacha, jonga iintlobo ze-Inflation .
Ukuze ugweme oku, iibhanki eziphambili zinciphisa ixabiso ngokuthenga izinto ezibiza kakhulu. Baphakamisa amaxabiso omboleko ebhanki. Oko kwenza iimali-mboleko kunye neendleko zokuhlala ekhaya zibiza kakhulu. Iphoyisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwaye ibuyisela uqoqosho kwizinga elikhulayo lokukhula kweepesenti ezingama-2-3.
Indlela i-Central Bank ibandakanya ngayo iPolisi yokuVimbela
Iibhanki eziphambili zinempahla eninzi yemigaqo-mali .
Iyokuqala imisebenzi yemakethe evulekileyo. Nasi umzekelo wendlela osebenza ngayo eUnited States.
I- Federal Reserve yi- bhanki enkulu kwi-federal government, kubandakanywa noNondyebo we-US. Xa urhulumente anemali engaphezulu kunokuba ayifunayo, uya kufaka amanqaku e- Nondyebo kwibhanki enkulu. Xa iFed ifuna ukunciphisa ukunikezelwa kwemali, ithengisa le Nondyebo kwiibhanki zayo zamalungu. Iibhanki zihlawula iziqinisekiso malunga nemali ekhoyo ukuze zihlangabezane neemfuneko zabo zokugcina. Ukubamba i-Treasury kuthetha ukuba ngoku banomncinci wemali yokuboleka. Iyanciphisa ukuthengiswa kwamanzi.
Ukuchasene nemisebenzi yemimandla evulekileyo ebizwa ngokukhawuleza ibizwa ngokuba lula . Yilapho i-Fed ithenga i-Treasurys, i- mortgage-backed securities okanye nayiphi na enye inhlobo yentlawulo okanye mboleko. Umgaqo-nkqubo wokunyusa ngenxa yokuba iFed idala i-credit nje yomoya ococekileyo ukuthenga le mboleko. Xa yenza oku, iFed "kukushicilela imali ."
I-Federal Reserve isebenzisa imisebenzi evulekileyo yemarike ukuphakamisa izinga lokunyusa imali xa lifuna umgaqo-mali wemali. Ixabiso leebhanki lihlawulana ngokubambisa iimbotyi zobusuku.
Amagunya okuxhaswa ukuba amabhanki kufuneka agcine inani elithile lemali, okanye ukufunwa kwemfuneko , kwidiphozithi kwiofisi yesebe yaseState Reserve rhoqo ngamaxesha.
Ekupheleni kweshishini, ibhanki inokuthi ibe neyona nto ifuna ukuba ihlangabezane nemfuneko yokugcina indawo. Ukuba kunjalo, uya kuboleka, ukuhlawula isamba semali esondliwe, kwelinye ibhanki elingenalo ngokwaneleyo.
Isilinganiso semali esondlo esiphezulu senza ukuba kubize iibhanki ukugcina indawo yazo yokugcina isigunyaziso. Inqanda ukubonelelwa ngemali okwaneleyo ukunciphisa uqoqosho.
I-Fed iyakwazi ukuphakamisa izinga lokunciphisa. Yiloo nto ityala iibhanki eziboleke imali kwiwindow yeSaphulelo seFed. Amabhanki akalisebenzisi ngefestile yokuphuhlisa, nangona amaxabiso ahlala ephantsi kunezinga lezimali ze-Fed. Kungenxa yokuba ezinye iibhanki zicinga ukuba ibhanki kufuneka ibuthathaka xa iphoqeleka ukuba isebenzise ifowuni yokuphuhlisa. Ngamanye amazwi, amabhanki azama ukuboleka kwiibhanki eziboleka kwiwindow esaphulelo. I-Fed iphakamisa izinga lokunciphisa xa liphakamisa ithagethi yezinga lokuxhaswa kwemali.
Into encinci into ekufuneka iFed iyenze iphakamisa imfuneko yendawo yokugcina. Kwakuza kunciphisa ngokukhawuleza imali ebhanki. Kwakhona kufuneka ukuba iibhanki ziphuhlise imigaqo-nkqubo nemigaqo emitsha. Ayinakufumana inzuzo ekukhuliseni izinga leemali ezidityanisiweyo, okusebenzayo. (Umthombo: "Izixhobo Zesixhobo Sokugcina," i-Federal Reserve Bank yaseSan Francisco.)