Ngaba Unako Ukusinda I-Hyperinflation?
Izizathu
I-Hyperinflation iqala xa urhulumente welizwe uqala ukushicilela imali ukuhlawula imali . Njengoko ukunyuka kwemali kukhula, amaxabiso aphakama njengamaxabiso emveliso rhoqo.
Ukwanda kwonikezelo lwemali ngenye yezimbini ezibangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso . Elinye lifuna-ukunyuka kwamaxabiso . Kuyenzeka xa ukunyuka kwemfuno kuphuma ngaphandle, ukuthumela amanani aphakamileyo.
Esikhundleni sokuqinisa umncedo wemali ukuyeka ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, urhulumente uyaqhubeka eshicilela imali ethe xaxa ukuhlawula imali. Ngenxa yemali eninzi kakhulu ejikeleza uqoqosho, amaxabiso aphezulu. Xa abathengi bebona oko kwenzekayo, balindele ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okuqhubekayo. Bathenga ngakumbi ngoku ukuphepha ukuhlawula intengo ephezulu kamva. Iyakwandisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, ngakumbi xa igcina impahla kwaye idala ukungahambi.
I ziphumo
Ukugxotha kunye nokugcinwa kwempahla kubangela ukusilela kwempahla ehlala njalo , njengemoto kunye noomatshini bokuhlamba. Ngaphandle kwempahla etshabalalayo, njengesonka kunye nobisi, kunqongophala kwaye uqoqosho luwahlukana. Abantu balahlekelwa imali yabo yokugcina imali njengemali kuba yize. Ngenxa yoko, abantu asebekhulile baxhatshazwa kakhulu kwi-hyperinflation.
Amabhanki kunye nababolekisi baya kuphawulwa ngenxa yokubolekwa kwemali mboleko kunye nexabiso labantu kwaye bayeka ukwenza iipositi.
I-Hyperinflation ithumela ukubaluleka kokunciphisa imali kwiimarike zerhwebo lwangaphandle . Abavelisi besizwe baphuma kwishishini njengendleko zeempahla zangaphandle. Ukungasebenzi kunyuke njengoko iinkampani zihamba.
Emva koko irhafu yengxowa karhulumente iyawa, kwaye inenkathazo yokubonelela ngeenkonzo ezisisiseko. Urhulumente uyaprinta imali engaphezulu ukuhlawula iindleko zakhe, ukwandisa i-hyperinflation.
Kukho ababini abaphumeleleyo kwi-hyperinflation. Okokuqala, abo bathabatha imali mboleko. Bakufumanisa ukuba amanani aphakamileyo atyala ukuba amatyala abo awunanto ngokuthelekisa aze apheliswe. Abathengisi baphumelele. Inani eliwelayo lwemali yasekuhlaleni lenza iimveliso zithengathelanise ngokuthelekiswa namazwe angaphandle. Abangaphandle bafumana imali engaphandle yamazwe angaphandle, okwenyuka kwixabiso njengoko imali yendawo iwa. Lezo ziindlela nendlela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso rhoqo okuchaphazela ngayo ubomi bakho.
Jemani
Umzekelo owaziwa kakhulu we-hyperinflation ngexesha leRiphablikhi ye-Weimar eJamani kuma- 1920 . Okokuqala, urhulumente waseJamani wanyathelisa imali ukuhlawula iMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Ukususela ngo-1913 ukuya ekupheleni kwemfazwe, inani le-Deutschmarks kwi-circulation laphuma kwiibhiliyoni ezili-13 ukuya kwii-bhiliyoni ezingama-60. Urhulumente ushicilele izibophelelo zikaRhulumente, ezinempembelelo efanayo nokushicilela imali. Inkokheli enamandla eJamani yaphuma kwiibhiliyoni ezi-5 ukuya kwii-100 zezigidi zamanqaku. Ekuqaleni, ukuvuselelwa kwezemali kunciphisa iindleko zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kunye nokukhula koqoqosho .
Xa imfazwe iphelile, ii-Allies zambethe iJamani kunye nezinye iigidiyoni ezili-132 zamanqaku kwimbuyekezo yokulwa.
Imveliso yawa, ekhokelela ekunqongopheni kwempahla, ngakumbi ukutya. Ngenxa yokuba kukho imali engaphezu kwemali, kwaye iimpahla ezimbalwa, inani lezinto zansuku zonke liphindwe kabili emva kweentsuku ezingama-3.7. Inani lokunyuka kwamaxabiso lalingama-20.9 ekhulwini ngosuku. Abalimi nabanye abavelisa iimpahla benza kakuhle, kodwa abaninzi abantu babehlala ebuhlwempuzekeni obukhulu okanye bashiye ilizwe. (Umthombo: "IJamani kwi-Era ye-Hyperinflation," iDer Spiegel, ngo-Agasti 14, 2009.)
Venezuwela
Umzekelo osandul 'utsha nje we-hyperinflation useVenezuela. Amanani aphakama ngamaphesenti angama-41 ngo-2013, ama-63 ekhulwini ngo-2014, ama-121 ekhulwini ngo-2015, nama-481 ekhulwini ngo-2016. Ngo-2017, urhulumente wenyusa ukunikezwa kwemali ngamaxesha angama-14. Kukhuthaza ukukhutshwa kwe-cryptocurrency entsha, ipetroli ngoba i-bolivar ilahlekelwe ngamaphesenti angama-98. Ayikwazi ukuhlawula indleko yokushicilela imali entsha yamaphepha. I- International Monetary Fund ilindele ukuba amanani aphakame ngama-13,000 ekhulwini ngo-2018.
Ekuphenduleni, abantu basebenzisa amaqanda njengemali. Ibhokisi leeqanda libiza ama-bilivars ama-250,000. Iindleko ze-bolivars ezingama-6 740 kuphela ngoJanuwari 2017 kuphela. Ukungaqeshwa kwabasebenzi kuye kwenyuka kuma-21 ekhulwini, kufana nesilinganiso se-US ngexesha lokuPhukisa okukhulu. (Umthombo: "IVenezuela iphosa eThawula kwi-Hyperinflation," i-ZeroHedge, ngo-Oktobha 27, 2016.)
IVenezuela yakha njani loo nto? UMongameli uHugo Chavez wayemisele ukulawulwa kwexabiso lokutya kunye namayeza. Kodwa amaxabiso amiselweyo aphantsi kakhulu ayanyanzela iinkampani zasekhaya ngaphandle kweshishini. Ephendula, urhulumente uyahlawulwa ngokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe. Ngo-2014, amaxabiso eoli ayanqumla, ahlawulela imali engenayo kwiinkampani zeoli zombuso. Xa urhulumente ephuma ngaphandle kwemali, yaqala ukushicilela ngaphezulu. Kunokuba utshintshe ixabiso eliyingozi kunye nokulawulwa kwemivuzo, uMongameli Maduro uqhubeka nemigaqo engaqinisekanga.
Zimbhabhwe
I-Zimbabwe ibe ne-hyperinflation phakathi kuka-2004-2009. Urhulumente ushicilele imali ukuhlawula imfazwe eCongo. Kwakhona, ukoma kunye nokuthunjwa kweefama kunciphisa ukubonelelwa kokutya kunye nezinye izinto ezivelisiweyo zendawo. Ngenxa yoko, i-hyperinflation yayimbi ngaphezu kweJamani. Inani lokunyuka kwamaxabiso lalingama-98 ekhulwini ngosuku, kwaye amaxabiso aphindwe kabini kwiiyure ezingama-24. Ekugqibeleni kwaphela xa abantu beqala ukufumana ezinye iirhafu endaweni yeDola yaseZimbabwe.
EMelika
Ixesha elilodwa kuphela iUnited States lafumana i-hyperinflation ngexesha leMfazwe yombutho. Urhulumente we-Confederate wanyathelisa imali ukuhlawula imfazwe. Ukuba i-hyperinflation yayiza kuphinda ibuyele eMelika, iNtengiso yeThengi yexabiso yabathengi yayiza kuyilinganisela. Ukuba uhlola ixabiso langoku lokunyuka kwamaxabiso , uya kubona ukuba akukho ndawo kufuphi ne-hyperinflation. Enyanisweni, akukho nakwiidijithi ezimbini. Enyanisweni, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuphantsi kakhulu. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kumnandi kukukhula koqoqosho .
I- Federal Reserve ivimbela i-hyperinflation eMelika ngemigaqo-mali . Umsebenzi oyintloko we-Fed ukulawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ngelixa uphepha ukunciphisa umnotho . Ukwenza oku ngokuqinisa okanye ukuphucula imali, oko kungumyinge wemali evunyelwe kwiimarike. Ukuqinisa umncedo wemali kunciphisa umngcipheko wokunyuka kwamaxabiso ngelixa ukhulula kwandisa umngcipheko wokunyuka kwamaxabiso.
I-Fed inokujoliswa kwexabiso lentengo ye-2 ekhulwini ngonyaka. Leyo yintengo yexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso , eliye laphuma kumaxabiso eoli kunye nexabiso lentengo . Ziya kunyuka kwaye zihlawule ngokukhawuleza ngokuxhomekeke kwimveliso yorhwebo . Okuchaphazela intengo yokutya iilori ezithutha amabanga amade. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, i-CPI iyakususa amaxabiso okutya kwizinga lokunyuka kwamaxabiso.
Ukuba izinga lokunyuka kwexabiso eliphambili lingaphezulu kweepesenti ezi-2, i-Fed iya kuphakamisa izinga lokunyusa imali . Iza kusebenzisa ezinye iiprojekti zemigaqo- mali yokuqinisa ukunikezelwa kwemali, kunye namaxabiso aphantsi kwakhona. Ezinye iingcali zithi ukungenelela kwe-Fed ukunciphisa ukunyuswa kwemali kuza kubangela ukuba i-hyperinflation. Oku akuyiyo yongongelo lwangempela kuba ininzi yemali iFed iphoshelwe kwinkqubo yebhanki ihlala kwiindawo zokugcina iibhanki. Akungena kwi-circulation, kwaye ngoko ayikwazi ukubangela i-hyperinflation. Ukuba iibhanki ziqala ukuboleka kakhulu, iFed inokunyusa ngokukhawuleza imfuneko yayo yokugcina kunye nokunciphisa imali yokunikezelwa kwemali.
Ukusinda kwiHyperinflation
Nangona kunqongophala kwe-hyperinflation, abaninzi abantu bakhathazekile ngoku. Ngoko, ukuba kwenzeka, yintoni omele uyenze? Kukho iindlela ezintathu onokuzikhusela kuzo naziphi na uhlobo lokunyuka kwamaxabiso . Iimfono zemali ezivakalayo ziyakunceda usinde kwi-hyperinflation.
Okokuqala, lungiswa ngokuba nezinto zakho ezihlukeneyo . Oko kuthetha ukulinganisela impahla yakho phakathi kwempahla yase-United States kunye nezibophelelo, iintengiso zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezibophelelo, igolide kunye nezinye izinto ezinzima kunye ne- estate .
Okwesibini, gcina i-passport yakho yangoku. Oko kwenzeka xa i-hyperinflation kwilizwe lakho yenza umgangatho wakho wokuphila ungenakuxolisa.
Okwesithathu, qiniseka ukuba unabohlukeneyo bezakhono kunye neetalente. Ukuba ufuna i-barbar egcwele imali ukuze uthenge isonka, kufuneka ukwazi ukupheka isonka. I-Hyperinflation yenza inkqubo yokuqhawula imfuneko xa imali ingenalusizo. Uluhlu olubanzi lwezakhono ezisebenzayo lunikeza ithuba xa uthengisa.