Ingaba i-Central Bank yeSizwe iPrinta Imali?
Ukuqonda indlela i-Fed "ifake imali ngayo," khumbula ukuba ininzi yemali esetyenziswayo namhlanje ayikho imali. Ikhredithi eyongezwa kwiibhanki. Kuyafana noluhlobo lwenkokhelo oyifumanayo xa umqeshi efaka imali yakho yokuhlawula ngqo kwi- akhawunti yakho yasebhanki .
Xa abantu bathi i-Federal Reserve "iprinta imali," bathetha ukuba yongeza iitaliti kwiibhanki zamalungu ebhanki.
Abantu baphinde bathi iFed yoshicilela imali nanini na xa iqhuba inqubomgomo yemali ephantsi . Yileyo ndlela iFed ilawula ngayo imali enikezelwa ukuyisebenzisa okanye ukuyisebenzisa. Ukufumaneka kweso sibonelelo kuthiwa yi- liquidity . I-Fed ilawula utywala kunye nomgaqo-mali. "Ukushicilela imali" isisombululo se-Fed sokukhuthaza ukuboleka, ukutshala imali kunye nokukhula koqoqosho.
Indlela iFed "Iprint Money"
I-Fed inezixhobo ezimbini ezithembela kuzo ukwenza umgaqo-mali wezemali. Enye yindleko yemali eyondliwe . Ikhomishana ye- Federal Open Market yindlela yokusebenza ye-Fed. Ikhokela umgaqo-mali wemali. Xa ifuna ukushicilela imali, iyancipha ithagethi yezinga lokuxhaswa kwemali. Iimali ezixhaswe yi-bhanki zifuneka ukuba iibhanki zigcinwe kulo lonke ubusuku. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, ibhanki iya kuboleka imali eyongezelelweyo ukusuka kwelinye ibhanki ukuhlangabezana nemfuneko.
Inzala yemali ehlawulayo ibizwa ngokuba ngumlinganiselo weengxowa-mali ezondliwe.
Xa i-FOMC inciphisa isicwangciso sezinga leemali zezimali, ivumela iibhanki ukuba zihlawule ngaphantsi kweemali ezixhaswe ngemali. Njengoko bahlawula imali encinci, banemali engaphezulu yokuboleka. Ibhanki ingathanda ukuboleka nganye idola ayikufanele ibambelele kuyo.
Ngoko, ngokukhawuleza xa i-FOMC iyanciphisa ixabiso lemali ekujoliswe kuyo, iibhanki ziyavumelana. Emva koko zinciphisa zonke ezinye iirhafu.
Oko kwenza inkunzi ibe yinto efikelelekayo, ngoko ke amashishini kunye nabatyalomali banakho ukuboleka. Ukuba ukubuya kotyalo-mali kulindeleke ukuba kuphakamileyo kunomyinge wenzalo , ngoko utyalo-mali luya kubonakala lufana nembono elungileyo. Ngale ndlela, ukuthengwa kwexabiso eliphezulu kukhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho . Oku kufana nokongeza imali kwimali.
Isinye isixhobo seFed yimisebenzi yemakethe evulekileyo . I-Fed ithunga i- Treasurys kunye nezinye izibambiso ezivela kwiibhanki kwaye zifaka endaweni yazo ngekhredithi. Zonke iibhanki eziphambili zinamandla okuzikhethela ukudala i-credit ngaphandle kwomoya ococekileyo. Kufana nokushicilela imali.
Phakathi kukaDisemba 2008 no-Oktobha 2014, i-Fed yaqalisa ukuthotywa kwemali . Kwakuyonyuka enkulu imisebenzi yokuthengisa. Ibhanki yelizwe eliyinkunzi yongezelela i-$ 4 trillion kwimali. Yenza oku ngokuthenga i-Treasurys kwiibhanki zayo zamalungu. Yayihlawula ngokufaka isamba esifanayo kwi-credit yabo kwiincwadi zabo. Kwakuyimpembelelo efanayo kwizoqoqosho njengokushicilela iibhiliyoni ezingama-40 zeebhilidi zee-100 kwaye zithumela kwiibhanki ukuboleka.
I-Fed iyakwazi "ukutyhila imali," Njalo
Ukuba ingadluli, ukuphuhlisa umgaqo-mali wezimali kungabangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Njengoko ixabiso elincinci litshintshisa amathuba ambalwa kunye namaqela ambalwa, ngokuqinisekileyo amaxabiso aloo asethi ayanda.
Enyanisweni ukuba utyalo-mali lusezindlwini, igolide , imirhubhe yeoli, okanye iinkampani zobuchwepheshe.
Umlinganiselo oqhelekileyo osetyenziswayo wokunyuka kwamaxabiso, iNkcazo yeeNtengo zabathengi , awubhalisi onke amanqanaba okwanda kwamanani. Ithatha amaxabiso eoli , kodwa ayikho igolide okanye amanani e-stock. Ilinganisa izindlu kodwa isebenzisa i-statistic enokulinganisa amaxabiso okuqeshisa, kungekhona izindlu ezithengiswayo. Kungenxa yoko izenzo ze-Fed zikwazi ukudala ubumbe bendalo kunye nokunyuka kwamanani.
Abantu bayakhathazeka ngemali yokushicilela i-Fed ngenxa yokuba abayiqonda ukuba iFed iyakwazi "ukuyikhuphela" ngokukhawuleza. Isebenzisa umgaqo-mali we-contractionary wokumisa utywala. Unempembelelo efanayo nokuthatha imali ngaphandle kokuhamba.
Ukunciphisa inani lemali ekunikezeni ngemali, iFed iphakamisa izinga lokunyusa imali. Xa oko kwenzeka, iibhanki zinemali encinane yokuboleka.
Kufuneka bahlawule ngokubanzi ukuze bahlale begulisa imali kwi-akhawunti yobusuku ukuze bazalise imfuneko yokugcinwa kwe-Fed.
Ukuphakanyiswa kwezinga lokuhlawula imali kukhulisa onke amazinga omyinge. Oku kwenza ukuba kubi kakhulu ukuboleka ukwanda kwoshishino, iimoto kunye namakhaya. Iyancipha ukukhula koqoqosho, ukumisa umfuno obangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso.
I-Fed ingakwazi kwakhona ukuguqula iziphumo ze-QE. Yenza oku ngokuthengisa ii-Treasurys kunye neziqinisekiso zokubambisa imali kwiibhanki zayo. Abantu banenkxalabo yokuba iibhanki aziyi kuthenga ezi ziqinisekiso, kodwa abanalo ukhetho. I-Fed ikhupha idola kwiibhanki zamabhanki kwaye ithatha indawo yazo ngala mathupha .
Kwenzeka ntoni kwiidola? Ziyabhubha. Ngamanye amazwi, abuyela emdeni ococekileyo apho iFed ifike khona kwindawo yokuqala.