Iyiphi iKomidi yeSouthern Market Market?

Abangaphandle Abaguqula Ubomi Bakho 8 Ngonyaka

Ikomiti ye-Federal Open Market yinkalo yomgaqo-mali we- Federal Reserve System , ibhanki ephakathi yase-United States. Isebenza neBhodi yeBhodi yeBhodi yokuLawula ukulawula izixhobo ezintathu zemigaqo-mali. I-FOMC ilawula imisebenzi evulekileyo yemarike . IBhodi isetya izinga lokunciphisa kunye nokufunwa kwemfuno .

I-FOMC isebenzisa izixhobo zayo ukufumana izinga lokukhula koqoqosho oluphakathi kwama-2 ne-3 ekhulwini.

Ukuze kufezekiswe oko, kufuneka kulwa nokungasebenzi kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Izinga lokungasebenzi liphakathi kwe-4.7% ukuya kuma-5.8 ekhulwini. Ngezantsi, iinkampani azikwazi ukufumana abasebenzi abaneleyo ukuba bahlale bevelisa. Ixabiso lokujoliswa kwexabiso lentengo li-2 ekhulwini. Oko kuthetha ukuba i-FOMC ifuna ukuba amanani atyuke malunga neepesenti ezimbini ngonyaka. Oku kuseka ukulindela kokunyuka kwamaxabiso, kwaye kushukumisela abathengi ukuba bathenge ngoku kunokuba kamva. Ixabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso lincinci likhupha imfuno, kwaye kukulungele ukukhula koqoqosho.

Ukunciphisa ukungabikho kwemisebenzi, i-FOMC isebenzisa umgaqo-mali wezongeziweyo . Oko kukhulisa ukukhula koqoqosho ngokunyusa imali yokunikezelwa kwemali. Ihlisa izinga lokukhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho kunye nokunciphisa ukungasebenzi. Amalungu e-FOMC abathanda le ndlela abizwa ngokuba yimpumelelo.

Ukuba uqoqosho lukhula ngokukhawuleza, amaxabiso aphakama, okwenza ukunyuka kwamaxabiso . Ukulwa nokunyuka kwamaxabiso, isebenzisa umgaqo-mali we-contractionary policy . Oko kwenza imali ixabise ngakumbi, iyancipha umnotho.

Uqoqosho olucothayo lithetha ukuba amashishini akakwazi ukuphakamisa amaxabiso ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngabathengi, kwaye anganciphisa amanani ukuba athenge abathengi. Oku kulwa nokunyuka kwamaxabiso. ILungu elithandayo le ndlela libizwa ngokuba yi-hawkish.

Oko iFOMC iyenzayo

IKomiti ilungelelanisa amazinga omdla ngokubeka iinjongo zezinga lokunyusa imali .

Le nqanaba iibhanki zihlawulana ngokubambisana ngeendleko zobusuku ezibizwa ngokuba yi-Fed imali. Amabhanki asebenzisa le mboleko ukuze aqiniseke ukuba anelisekile ukuhlangabezana neemfuneko zokugcinwa kwe-Fed. Amabhanki kufuneka agcine lo mbuso ubusuku obunye kwi-Federal Reserve yasebhankini, okanye ngekheshi kwiimpahla zawo.

IKomiti inika izigqibo zayo kwiintlanganiso zayo ezisibhozo ngonyaka. Icacisa izenzo zayo ngokuphawula ngendlela uqoqosho olusebenza ngayo, ngakumbi ukunyuka kwamaxabiso nokungasebenzi. Fumana into eyenziwe kwintlanganiso yakutsha yeFOMC .

Nangona i-FOMC isetyenziselwa ukujoliswa kwinqanaba lemali yokutya, iibhanki zibeka ireyithi ngokwayo. I-Fed ixinzezela ibhanki ukuba ihambisane nokujoliswe kuyo kunye nemisebenzi yayo yemarike evulekileyo . I-Fed iyathenga iziqinisekiso, ngokuqhelekileyo amanqaku eNondyebo, ukusuka kwiibhanki zamalungu. Xa iFed ifuna ukuba isantya siwile, ithengisa iziqinisekiso ezivela kwiibhanki. Ngokubuyisela, longeza kwiindawo zabo zokugcina, ukunika ibhanki imali engakumbi yeFed kunokuba iyifunayo. Amabhanki aya kunciphisa izinga lokuxhaswa kwemali ukuboleka le ndawo esongeziweyo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, xa iFed ifuna amaxabiso aphakame, ithatha indawo yokugcina iibhanki ngamasheya. Oku kunciphisa umlinganiselo okhoyo ukubolekisa, ukunyanzelisa ibhanki ukuba yandise amaxabiso.

Ukulwa neengxaki zemali ka-2008 , i-FOMC yandise kakhulu ukusebenzisa kwayo imisebenzi yemarike evulekileyo.

Oko kubizwa ngokuba lula . I-Fed yathengi ixabiso elikhulu lamanqaku e-Nondyebo kunye neziqinisekiso zokubambisa imali ekufezekiseni iinjongo zayo.

Amalungu

I-FOMC ifanele ibe namalungu angama-12 avota. Okwangoku kunesibhozo. Izixhenxe kwezi zikhundla ezilishumi elinesibini kufuneka zizaliswe yiBhodi yeBhodi yeBhunga leBhodi. ICongress ikhethe kuphela ezine. Amanye amalungu amane e-FOMC angabongameli beBhanki ye-Federal Reserve. Ngamanye amabini asebenza ngokwemigangatho yeminyaka elilodwa ngokujikeleza.

Usihlalo walo nguJome Powell, uSihlalo weBhodi ye- Federal Reserve . Wayeyilungu leBhodi ye-Fed kusukela ngoMeyi 25, 2012. Ixesha lakhe iBhodi lihlala kude kube nguJanuwari 31, 2028. Kwakhona wayesebenza njengesikhulu esiphezulu seNondyebo phantsi koMongameli George HW Bush. Uye waba ngumfundi ohambele kwi-Bipartisan Policy Centre kunye nomlingani kwiCarlyle Group (1997 - 2005).

UMongameli uTumpump ukhethe ukuba athathe indawo kaJanet Yellen njengoSihlalo weFed.

I-Vice-Chairmanship iya rhoqo kumongameli we-Federal Reserve Bank yaseNew York. Ngo-2017, lowo nguWilliam Dudley. Uya kushiya isikhundla ngoJuni 2018, ezintandathu kwiinyanga zakuqala. I-Vice-Vice-President yokuqala, uMichael Strine, nguye enye. Umongameli waseSan Francisco Fed uJohn Williams uyothatha indawo esikhundleni sakhe.

Apha ngamalungu amabini eBhodi aseleyo.

• ULael Brainard, owayengumphathi weSebe lezeNondyebo kunye nomcebisi wezomnotho kuMongameli Clinton. Ukhohlakele.
• URandy Quarles, owayengumphathi we-Cynosure Group kunye neCarlyle Group, kunye negosa likaNondyebo phantsi koMongameli George W. Bush . Awuyikratshi okanye i-hawkish, uthanda ukusebenzisa izikhokelo eziqinileyo ezichanekileyo xa iinguqu ze-Fed zitshintsha. Wayengumqeshi wokuqala weTumpump. Kananjalo uyintloko yeSihlalo soLawulo lwe-Oktobha 13, 2021. Esi sikhundla senziwa nguDodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act . A

Amagosa amane e-Federal Reserve asebhanki ajikeleze kwi-FOMC ngo-2018 anjengolu hlobo lulandelayo.

• ULorta Mester, uCleveland. Hawkish. Uyakuthanda umgaqo-nkqubo wokuchasana, unokukhetha ukwandisa amazinga, kwaye ukhathazeka ngakumbi ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunokungasebenzi.
• John Williams, eSan Francisco. Ukholo.
• UTom Barkin , uVice-ngumbongameli wokuqala, uRicmond. Eyona ndlela.
• Raphael Bostic, Atlanta. Umongameli waseburhulumenteni we-Obama waseburhulumenteni Eyona ndlela.

Aba bameli bane basebhanki baya kuba ngamanye ama-2018 kunye namalungu e-FOMC ngo-2019.

• UJames Bullard, uSt. Louis. Hawkish.
• U-Esther George, eKansas City. Hawkish.
• UCharles Evans, waseChicago. Kakhulu.
• U-Eric Rosengren, eBoston. Ukholo.

Omongameli abane abaseleyo baya kuba ngamanye ama-2019 kunye namalungu e-FOMC ngowe-2020.

• UCharles Evans, waseChicago. Kakhulu.
• UPatrick Harker, Philadelphia. Eyona ndlela.
• URobert Kaplan, waseDallas. Ukholo.
• UNeel Kashkari, eMinneapolis. Akukho rekhodi yokuvota okwamanje. Mhlawumbi udla.

Indlela iFOMC ikuchaphazela ngayo

I-FOMC ikuchaphazela ngokulawulwa kwezinga lemali elondliwe. Ibhanki isebenzisa le nqanaba ukukhokela zonke iirhafu . Ngenxa yoko, isantya semali esondayo ilawula ukufumaneka kwemali ukutyalo ezindlwini, kwishishini kwaye ekugqibeleni kwimbuyekezo yakho kunye nokubuyiswa kwezimali. Oku kuchaphazela ngqo ixabiso lephothifoliyo yakho yomhlalaphantsi, iindleko zemali elandelayo yokuthenga impahla, intengo yokuthengisa ekhaya lakho, kunye nokukwazi ukuphakanyiswa kwakho okulandelayo. Nika ingqalelo kwiimpapasho zeentlanganiso ze-FOMC ukwenzela ukuba ungalindela utshintsho lwezoqoqosho kwaye uthathe amanyathelo okuphucula iimali zakho. (Imithombo: "Le yi-Hawk-to-Dove Scorecard," i-Bloomberg Businessweek, ngoDisemba 18, 2015. Lapho iFOMC ihamba khona, i-CNBC, ngoDisemba 20, 2015. "malunga neFOMC," iBhodi yeState Reserve System.)