I-Trump iyanciphisa njani i-Dodd-Frank kunye neNgozi yakho yokwandisa
Ulawulo lweTrump luye lwaxhasa utshintsho ukususela ngoFebruwari 3, 2017. Kodwa uDodd-Frank mhlawumbi akakwazi ukuhamba ngokupheleleyo. Kungenxa yokuba imithetho yamakhulu e-Dodd-Frank idibaniswe kwizivumelwano zebhanki zamazwe ngamazwe. Kodwa amaRiphablikhi akhulula imimiselo yawo ngaphakathi eUnited States.
I-Trump ithi i-Dodd-Frank igcina ibhanki ekubolekiseni ngakumbi amashishini amancinci. Kodwa uMthetho ujolise kwiibhanki ezinkulu. Baye badibanisa kwaye bakhula ukususela ngoxinzelelo lwemali ka - 2008 . Amashishini amancinci anakho ukuboleka kwiibhanki ezincinci, kungekho ezinkulu iibhanki. Isithintelo esikhulu kumabhanki amancinci isantya sezinga eliphantsi lentlalo eliye laphumelela ngenxa yeengxaki zemali. Inciphisa inzuzo yabo.
Amalungu ekhabhinethi kaTrump athi amabhanki akasasadingeki imigaqo eyongezelelweyo kunye nolawulo. Bathetha ukuba iibhanki zinemali eyaneleyo yokumelana nayiphi na ingxaki. Kodwa iibhanki zithathwa kakuhle ngenxa yeDodd-Frank.
Isishwankathelo soMthetho
Umthetho we-Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform ngumthetho olawula iimarike zezimali kwaye ukhusela abathengi. Iziqendu zayo ezisibhozo zinceda ukunqanda ukuphindaphinda kweengxaki zemali ka- 2008 .
Inguquko ephezulu kakhulu yezemali ukususela kwi- Glass-Steagall Act . I-Glass-Steagall ilawula iibhanki emva kwe- 1929 ye-market crash .
Umthetho we-Gramm-Leach-Bliley wawusususa ngo-1999. Oku kwenza ukuba amabhanki aphinde ahlawule imali kwiimali ze-depositors kwii- derivatives ezingavumelekanga. Olu lwahlulo lwabangela ukuba kubekho iingxaki zemali ka-2008.
Umthetho we-Dodd-Frank ubizwa ngokuba ngumntu emva kobabini beCongress of Who created it. I-Senator Chris Dodd yazisa ngoMatshi 15, 2010. Ngomhla we-Meyi 20, yadlula iSenate. Ummeli wase-US uBarney Frank uhlaziye kwiNdlu, eyayivumile ngoJuni 30. NgoJulayi 21, 2010, uMongameli Obama wasayina uMthetho kumthetho.
Izindlela ezisibhozo zeDodd-Frank zenza iLizwe lakho likhuseleke kunye nendlela iSicwangciso soTyhu sitshintsha ngayo
1. Ujongisa iWall Street. I-Financial Stability Monitoring Council ichaza iingozi ezichaphazela yonke imboni yemali. Ikwajongana neefomethi zezimali ngaphandle kweebhanki, njengemali ye- hedge funds . Ikhuthaza ukuba i- Federal Reserve iphathelele nayiphi na into ephakamileyo kakhulu. I-Fed iya kucela inkampani ukuba yandise imfuneko yayo yokugcina indawo . Oko kuvimbela inkampani ukuba ingabi mkhulu kakhulu ukuba ingaphumeleli, njenge- American International Group Inc. Usihlalo we-FSOC nguNobhala Wezezimali. Ibhunga linamalungu asithoba. Baquka iKhomishana yoTshintsho lweeNkxaso-mali , i-Fed, iBusiness Protection Protection Bureau , i-OCC, i- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , i-FHFA kunye ne-CFPA.
Ulawulo lweTrump lufuna ukukhusela iFed ekujongeni iifemu ezinkulu. Ifuna i-FSOC ukuba iyeke ukutyumba iinkampani ezinjenge-AIG njengokuba zinkulu kakhulu ukusilela. Ithi imimiselo eyongezelelweyo yenza iikhampani ezinkulu ezingenagqubuthelo kwiimarike zomhlaba wonke.
2. Ukuyeka iiBhanki kwiNgcakazo ngeMali yokuThathisa. Umthetho we-Volcker uvimbela ibhanki ekusebenziseni okanye ekufumaneni imali yokuhlawula imali. Ibavimbela ukuba basebenzise imali yabo yokubeka imali kwi-akhawunti yabo. Amabhanki angasebenzisa iimali ze-hedge egameni labo abathengi kuphela. UDodd-Frank wanikela ibhanki iminyaka eyisixhenxe ukuba aphume kwishishini le-hedge fund. Bakwazi ukugcina nayiphi na imali engaphantsi kwama-3 ekhulwini kwengeniso. Amabhanki ayamkeleka ngokumelana nomgaqo, aphule ukuvunyelwa kwawo kude kube ngoDisemba 2013. Yasebenza ukusebenza ngo-Ephreli 2014. Amabhanki ayeneminyaka engama-21 ku-Julayi 21, 2015 ukuphumeza iindlela zabo zokuthobela.
Isicwangciso seTrump sikhulula iibhanki ezingaphantsi kwezigidigidi zamaRandi ezili-10 kwiimpahla. Kodwa ukuba ezo mabhanki zibuyela ekungcakazelweni kwemali yeentlawulo, ingozi iya kunyuka wonke umntu.
3. Ilawula iiDerivatives ezinobungozi. I-Dodd-Frank idinga ukuba iziphumo ezinobungozi kakhulu, ezifana ne- swaps default-swaps , zilawulwe. Lo msebenzi uwela kwiKomishoni yokuThengisa noTshintsho okanye iKomishoni yokuThengiswa kweeNkxaso. Kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lokufumana. Baya kuchonga ingozi enkulu. Oku kuza kubakhokelela kubaphathi-nkqubo ngaphambi kokuba kukho ingxaki enkulu. Indawo yokucoca, efana ne- stock exchange , kufuneka isetyenziswe. Oko kuqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi yokufumana iyenziwa ngokubanzi. UDodd-Frank washiya i-regulators ukuba ikhethe indlela engcono yokudala indlu yokucoca. Oku kwakhokelela kwiinkalo zezifundo kunye iingxoxo zamazwe ngamazwe.
4. Izisa i-Hedge Fund Trades kwi-Light. Xa i- hedge funds kunye nabanye abacebisi bezemali bengagunyazisiwe, i-asethi ye-asethi ye-derivatives ifihliwe. Esinye sezimbangela zeengxaki zemali ka-2008 kukuba akukho mntu wayesazi ukuba yiyiphi imvelaphi. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba akukho mntu wayazi indlela yokuzixabisa. Yingakho i-Fed icinga ukuba i-subprime mortgage crisis iya kuhlala kwi-shishini lezindlu. Iziganeko eziyimfuneko zenye yezona zimbangela ezibalulekileyo zeengxaki zemali eziphantsi komhlaba .
Ukulungisa loo nto, u-Dodd-Frank ulingana nawo onke ama-hedge funds ukuze abhalise kwi-SEC. Iimali zeeHedge kufuneka zinike iinkcukacha malunga nokuhweba kunye neefowthifoli zazo ukwenzela ukuba i-SEC ingakwazi ukuvavanya umngcipheko jikelele wemarike. Oku kunika amandla amakhulu ukulawula abacebisi-mali. Kungenxa yokuba uDodd-Frank wakhulisa umyinge we-asethi ukusuka kwiidola ezingama-30 ukuya kwi-100 yezigidi. Ngomhla kaJanuwari 2013, iibhanki ezingama-65 emhlabeni jikelele zibhalise ishishini labo elivela kwiCFTC.
5. Ulwabiwo lweeNkcazo zeNgxowa-mboleko. UDodd-Frank wadala iHhovisi leNkcazo yeMali kwiSibini. Ilawula i-arhente-rating agencies ezifana neMoody's and Standard & Poor's . Abaninzi basola i-arhente ngokugqithisa iimpahla ezithile kunye neziqinisekiso zokubambisa imali . Abatyalomali bathembela kula ma-arhente kwaye abazange baqaphele ukuba ityala lengozini yokungahlawulwa. I-SEC inokufuna i-arhente ukuba ithumele iindlela zazo zokuhlaziywa. Ingakwazi ukurhoxisa i-arhente enika izilinganiso ezingalunganga.
6. Ilawula iiKhadi zeMatyala, iMboleko kunye neeNgxowa-mali. ICandelo leKhuseleko leMali laBathengi lidibanise imisebenzi yee-arhente ezahlukeneyo. Ujongamela i-arhente yokubika ngetyala kunye nekhadi lekhredithi kunye namakhadi . Ikwajongana nokuhlawulwa kwemali mboleko kunye nabathengi , ngaphandle kweemali mboleko ezivela kubathengisi. I-CFPB ilawula iintlawulo zemali-mboleko, kubandakanya i-credit, debit, phantsi kwe-mortgage kunye nemali yebhanki . Ikhusela abanini bezindlu ngokufuna ukuba baqonde iimali ezibolekileyo zokuboleka imali . Kwakhona ifuna ibhanki ukuqinisekisa ubungeniso bomboleki, imbali yemboleko kunye nesimo somsebenzi. I-CFPB iphantsi kweSebe leNondyebo le- US .
Isicwangciso seTump siya kuhlaziya i-bureau njengekhomishoni yamalungu amaninzi. Kwakhona kuya kuvumela umongameli ukuba asuse umlawuli weofisi kunoma yintoni na isizathu. Iya kutshintsha imali yayo kwi-Federal Reserve ukuya kwiCongress.
7. Ukwandisa ulawulo lweeNkampani zeInkampani. UDodd-Frank wadala i-Federal Insurance Office phantsi kweSebe leNondyebo. Ichonga iinkampani zomshuwalense ezenza ingozi kuyo yonke inkqubo, njenge-AIG. Idibanisa ulwazi malunga ne-inshurensi yoshishino. Iqinisekisa ukuba i-inshorensi efumanekayo ifumaneka kumancinci nakwezinye iindawo ezingalondoloziwe. Imela i-United States ngemigaqo-inshorensi kwimicimbi yehlabathi. I-order yokulawula yeTrump ingakwazi ukuyibeka ingqalelo kwiinkampani ezintathu ze-inshurensi ezinkulu, kuquka i-AIG.
I-FIO isebenza kunye namazwe ukuba ahlaziye umgaqo we-inshorensi ye-inshorensi kunye nokuqinisekiswa. NgoDisemba 2014, kwachazwa impembelelo yemarike yokubuyiselwa kwehlabathi jikelele kwiCongress.
8. Uguqula i-Federal Reserve. U-Dodd-Frank wanika iGunya elitsha loKwazisa iRhulumente. Nangona i-Fed isebenze kunye noNondyebo ngexesha leengxaki zemali, i-GAO yaphicothwa ngemali-mboleko ye-Fed engxamisekileyo eyenziwa ngexesha leengxaki . Ingakwazi ukuphonononga iimali-mboleko zexesha elizayo xa zifuneka. ISebe leNondyebo kufuneka livume iimali-mboleko zongxamisekileyo. Oku kusebenza kumashishini angatshatanga, njenge- Bear Stearns okanye i- AIG . I-Fed yazisa uluntu amagama eebhanki ezifumene le mboleko okanye i- TARP iimali .
Utshintsho olongezelelweyo kwisiCwangciso seTrump
Ingxelo yeNondyebo iphakamise nezinye iinguqu ezingakhankanyi ngasentla. Iya kunciphisa imfuno yokuvavanya uxinzelelo lwebhanki ukususela rhoqo ngonyaka ukuya kwiminyaka emibini. Ezi mvavanyo zixelele i-Federal Reserve ukuba ibhanki inemali eyaneleyo ukusinda ubunzima bezoqoqosho.
Yacetyiswa ukuba ivuselele uMthetho wokuThengiswa koLuntu. Lo mthetho ufuna ukuba iibhanki zibolekise ngokusekelwe kwingeniso yendlu ngaphandle kwanoma yiyiphi indawo yokuhlala. Ngaphambi koMthetho, iibhanki "ziya kuhlaziywa" zonke izommandla ezinobungozi. Oko kwakuthetha ukuba bayayenqaba i-mortgages kunye neendlu eziphezulu ezifumana imali kuloo ndawo.
Le ngxelo iphakamisa ukukhulula amabhanki anemali eyaneleyo evela kwezinye iimiselo zeDodd-Frank. Oku kuthetha ukunceda amabhanki amancinci. (Imithombo: "UMthetho we-Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act," iSenate yase-US. "Isishwankathelo soMthetho weDodd-Frank Reform," uMorrison & Forster.)