Ngaba i-TARP ikuncede okanye iBhanki?
Isebe leNondyebo lisebenzisa i-TARP iimali zokutyalomali, ukubolekisa imali kunye nokuqinisekiswa kweempahla. Ukutshintshiselana, kuthengwa izabelo okanye iibhondi kwii-bhanki ezingaphumelekanga nakwezinye iinkampani. Oku kugcinwe inkqubo yezemali. Ukujongwa kwenkxalabo yezimali ka - 2007 kubonisa ukuba le shishini lenze njani le nkcenkceshe.
Ngo-Oktobha 14, 2008, iSebe leNondyebo lisebenzisa i-$ 105 billion kwiimali ze-TARP ukuze kuqaliswe iNkqubo yokuThengwa kweNtengo. Urhulumente waseUnited States wathenga isitokethi esithandayo kwiibhanki ezisibhozo Bebeyi-Bank of America / iMerrill Lynch, iBhanki yaseNew York Mellon , iCitigroup, i-Goldman Sachs, uJP Morgan, uMorgan Stanley , i- State Street kunye ne-Wells Fargo.
Inkqubo ifuna iibhanki ukunika urhulumente isahlulelo se-5 seepesenti esiya kunyuka ukuya kuma-9 ekhulwini ngo-2013. Oko kwakhuthaza iibhanki ukubuyisela isitoko kwiminyaka emihlanu. UNobhala weNondyebo uHank Paulson wayesazi ukuba urhulumente uza kwenza inzuzo kuba amaxabiso esabelo sebhanki aya kunyuka ngo-2013.
Isebe leNondyebo lisetyenzisile imali ye-TARP ukuba ithenge i- stock preferred in okanye yenza iimboleko kwamanye amaqela amane.
- I-AIG (i-$ 40 billion).
- Ibhanki yoluntu (i-$ 92 billion).
- Iinkampani ezinkulu ezintathu zeemoto (i-$ 80.7 yezigidigidi) .
- Citigroup kunye neBhanki yaseMelika (i-$ 45 billion).
Isebe leNondyebo linike imali eyi-20 billion yee-TARP kwiiNkxaso-mali eziThaswayo zoTywala.
Iprogram yeTALF ilawulwa yi- Federal Reserve .
UMongameli u-Obama wayefuna ukuhlawula iibhanki ukuba abuyisele abakhokhi berhafu i-$ 120 billion ukuya kwi-141 billion yezigidigidi ezicinga ukuba baya kulahlekelwa yi-TARP. U-Obama uceba ukuhlawula irhafu engaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-10 kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo yeebhanki, njengentengiso. Akazange afune ukurhafisa imisebenzi yokuthengisa ibhanki kuba yayiza kudluliselwa kubathengi njengamaxabiso aphezulu. Isiphakamiso sakhe asizange sidlule. Kunoko, uMthetho we- Dodd-Frank Wall Reform Act wanciphisa inani lemali eligunyazisiweyo phantsi kwe-TARP ukuya kwi-475 billion yezigidigidi.
Ingakanani ixabiso lexabiso leentlawulo zabathengi
Kunyaka- mali ka-2009 , urhulumente wachitha i-$ 150 yezigidigidi ukuze ahlangule iibhanki eziphazamisayo .
Ngomhla ka-Meyi 2009, uBernanke uthe iziphumo zeenkqubo zebhanki "zovavanyo lweengxaki" zazikhuthaza. Iimvavanyo zafumanisa ukuba iibhanki ezinkulu ze-19 zelizwe azizange zifune ukunyusa imali eyongezelelweyo. Akusekho mfuneko yokunciphisa ukubhalwa kweebhanki ezizayo zokhuseleko oluxhaswe ngemali . Ezinye iibhanki zikulungele ukuhlawula imali yeburhulumenteni ababoleke ngayo nge-TARP kunyaka ongaphambili. Uvavanyo loxinzelelo luqinisekisile ukuba iNkunzi ye-One, i-US Bancorp, kunye ne-BB & T ziphilile ngokwaneleyo ukuthengisa amasheya okubuyisela imali ye-TARP. UGoldman Sachs wayesele ezinikezele ukuhlawula i-$ 5 billion ezibolekelwe.
Amabhanki amabini, iBhanki yaseMelika kunye ne-Wells Fargo, babejongene nengxenye yesithathu ye-$ 75 yezigidigidi ezifunekayo ukuba ziphakanyiswe. Ngomhla ka-Meyi 11, 2009, i-Bloomberg ithi, "UBernanke Wakhuthazwa ngamalungiselelo eBhanki," uBernanke wayenethemba. I-Wells Fargo ikhuphe ngokukhawuleza i-$ 8.6 yezigidi ezili-13.7 zezigidigidi ezifunekayo.
Ngomhla ka-2010 , iibhanki zabuyisela imali eyi-110 yezigidigidi kunye nezinye iigidi ezigidi ezingama-38 kwi- FY 2011 . I-TARP yanikezela intsalela kubhajethi kule minyaka mibini njengoko iibhanki zihlawulwe ngokutsha.
Ngo-FY 2012, i-$ 35 yezigidi zee-TARP zezimali ziye zaya kwiinkqubo zokunceda abanini bezindlu bahlaziye iimali zokuhlala kunye nokuphepha ukunqanda. Le nto yayiyinxalenye yeNkqubo yoHlelo oluHlangeneyo lweNdlu. Ngo-FY 2013, i-TARP yabhajethi i-$ 12 yezigidigidi kwi-HAMP.
Ukususela ngoMeyi 2016, iibhanki zazibuyisela urhulumente ngenzala. Ingqikithi, iibhiliyoni ezingama-250.46 kwizigidi ze-TARP zenzelwe ukunceda amabhanki angama-700.
Ngaloo nto, i-$ 165.33 yezigidi ziye zafikelela kwiibhanki ezinkulu, ezinempahla eyi-R10 billion okanye ngaphezulu. Olunye u-14.57 weebhiliyoni waya kwiibhanki ezincinci. Intsalela iya kuqhuba iCitigroup kunye neBhanki yaseMelika.
Iibhanki ezinkulu zihlawule i-179.51 yezigidigidi kwinqununu kunye nomdla. Amabhanki amancinci abuyisela i-$ 13.94 zeebhiliyoni, kuba abanye babo baye bachithwa nangona uncedo. I-Citigroup kunye neBhanki yaseMelika babuyisela i-$ 81.59 yezigidigidi. Zonke zixelelwe, iibhanki zibuyiselwe i-$ 275.04 yezigidigidi, zenza i-$ 25 billion yenzuzo .
Kutheni iSicwangciso seTAR sokuqala siphumelelwanga
UNobhala wePaulson ingcamango yokuqala yayikuseta i-TARP njenge-auction back. Amabhanki aya kufaka amanani entengo kwiimboleko ezibi kwiSebe lezeMali. Abalawuli beSebe lezeMali baya kukhetha ixabiso eliphantsi elinikwe.
Ingxaki kukuba iibhanki azizange zithathe ilahleko, ngoko babefuna ukuba iSebe leNondyebo lihlawule ixabiso elipheleleyo lale asethi. Urhulumente wayesazi ukuba bafanelekile kakhulu. Babecala kakhulu kumaxabiso anesitishi ayengeke asebenze. UPaulson wasisondeza isicwangciso.
Iibhanki eziphambili zaseYurophu naseJapan zazingenisa ngokuthe ngqo imali kwiinkampani zazo. UPaulson uqalise iNkqubo yokuThengiswa kweNtengo, usebenzisa i-TARP iimali, ukuhambelana nesicwangciso sabo.
Amabhanki avimbile iNkqubo ye-TARP yabanikazi bezindlu
Inkqubo yokuHlaziywa kweRaffordable Home ( Home Affordable Refinance Program) kufuneka incede ekuvuseleleni imakethe yezindlu. Ivumela abanini bezindlu ezifanelekileyo zemboleko abaye bahlaselwa emakhaya abo ukuze bahlaziywe ngezinga elingaphantsi kwemali yokuthenga imali . Kuye kwagqitywa iibhiliyoni kwizoqoqosho kwaye kwanceda abanini bezindlu ezigidi ezi-2. Ukuba zandisiwe, zinokuncedisa bonke abanini-mali abanamalungu angama-25 abahlaseleyo ngemali yabo. Kutheni akuzange kusebenze? Amabhanki ayenomqobo wokunciphisa umngcipheko.
Ulawulo luka-Obama lwazisa i-HARP ngo-Ephreli ka-2009, kodwa abanikazi bezindlu ezili-810,000 bancedwa. Kulabo, kuphela i-57,171 yayingaphezulu kwama-5 ekhulwini. Bonke abanye babenobulungisa obuphezulu. Amabhanki afuna ukukhetha abafaki-zicelo kwaye wenqaba ukuwaqwalasela abo abanokulingana okuphantsi. Le yile iibhanki eziye zabanika imali mboleko kunoma ubani kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambili.
Kwakungekho mngcipheko kwiibhanki, njengoko zonke ezi mboleko zaqinisekiswa nguFannie Mae okanye uFreddie Mac . Amabhanki awazange afune ukukhathazeka ngamaphepha achaphazelekayo nabanini-propati abaneshurensi yokuthenga imali . Oko, kunjalo, isetyenziswe kuwo wonke umntu onama-20 engama-% elinganayo.
Iphepha elimhlophe, " I-Retrospective ye-Programmed Relief Assistance Programme ," ngoKatalina Bianco inikezela ubunzulu ngakumbi kwi-TARP.