UFennie Mae vs. uFreddie Mac: Ukufana nokungafani

by Kimberly Amadeo

Yintoni eyahlukileyo phakathi kukaFannie Mae noFreddie Mac?

UFannie Mae kunye noFreddie Mac ziinkampani ezimbini ezisungulwe nguorhulumente ukwenzela ukukhulisa imarike yezindlu. Le mibutho ayihlukanga kuphela kwi-genesis yayo, kodwa nakwiimveliso zentengiso kunye neemveliso. Ukuthatha umzekelo, uFannie Mae uthengisa imali yeebhanki kwiibhanki zentengiso ngelixa uFreddie Mac uthengela kwizinto ezincinci. (Umthombo: "UFannie Mae vs. Freddie Mac," Diffen.com.)

Ulawulo lwaseRoosevelt lusekwe nguFannie Mae ngo-1938 njenge-arhente karhulumente. Yathenga iimali-mboleko ze-Federal Housing Administration kwaye zazifaka kwiincwadi zayo. Ngowe-1968, yaba yi-Enterprise-sponsored Enterprise. Oku kuthetha ukuba nakuba abanini-zimpahla babenabo, urhulumente wase-United States uqinisekisile iimali-mboleko zayo. Oko kwenzeka ukuba ilungiselelo eliyingozi.

Ngowe-1970, ulawulo lwe- Nixon lwamisa uFreddie Mac njenge-GSE, oku kuthetha ukuba kunokuthenga nayiphi na uhlobo lokuthenga imali ngaphandle kwe-FHA kuphela. Ngokungafani noFannie Mae, uFreddie Mac wayengenaso isiqinisekiso sikaRhulumente ngemali mboleko kwaye wayefuna ukudlulisela umngcipheko wokungagqibekanga. Yenza oku ngokubeka ndawonye iintlobo ezifanayo zemali mboleko kwiimali ezixhaswe ngemali . Emva koko kuthengisa ezi ziqinisekiso zokuhlawula imali, iimali zempesheni kunye nabarhwebi ngabanye.

I-Congress yamisa uFreddie Mac ukuba ancintisane noFannie Mae kwaye avumela ukuba athenge iimali zokuthenga ze-non-FHA kwaye aziguqulele kwi-MBS.

01 UFannie Mae UngumNyango wezeMpilo weSizwe we-Mortgage Association

Ngomnyaka we-1938, iCongress yasungula uFannie Mae ngokusebenzisa uMthetho weBhanki yaseKhaya weNgxowa-mali yasekhaya. Oku kubangele imarike yesibini kwimali- mboleko eqinisekisiwe yi-FHA. UMongameli uRoosevelt wayefuna uFannie Mae ukuba ancede aqonde i- American Dream ye-homeownership. Xa uFannie Mae uthenge iimali ezivela kwiibhanki, wabanika imali engaphezulu yokuboleka.

Inkomfa yatshintsha uFannie Mae ukuba yinkampani ngo-1968. Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa iirhafu zerhafu ukuze zixhaswe, zathengisa amasheya kubanikazi abanini-mali kwi- Offer Public Offering . Ngaphandle koko, iCongress yayifuna inkxaso-mali yokuxhasa imali yaseVietnam.

02 UFreddie Mac UyiNkampani yeNgxowa-mali yasekhaya yaseMelika

UFreddie Mac ugxile ekukhuthazeni amabhanki ukudala iimali-mboleko zeminyaka engama-30 ukuphepha ukugcina iimboleko kwiincwadi zabo iminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Oko kwakubophe imali eninzi kwaye yayingozi kwiibhanki.

03 UFannie Mae noFreddie Mac Ukufana: Benza ama-Mortgages afumaneke

UFannie Mae, uFreddie Mac kunye ne-FHLB benza izindlu ezinokuthi zifikeleleke kumaMerika amaninzi eminyaka. Nangona kunjalo, basebenza njengamashishini axhaswe nguRhulumente. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba bafanele bazuze abanini-zimali ngelixa besakha iimarike zesekondari ezenza ukubuyiswa kwemali-mboleko kufumaneke.

Ekupheleni kuka-2007, uFannie Mae, uFreddie Mac kunye ne-FHLB banikezele iipesenti ezingama-90 zokuxhaswa kwemali emisha, ngokutsho kwe-Ofisi ye-Federal Housing Enterprise Monitoring. Oku kwakuphindwe kabini isabelo sabo semarike yemali yokubolekwa kwemali ebonakalisa ubungakanani benkxaso-mali yokubambisa imali yangasese eyomile.

Ekuqaleni kuka-2008, uFannie Mae kunye noFreddie Mac bangena ekuqinisekiseni imali engaphezulu kwee-mortgage ukuze baqiniseke ngeemakethe zendlu. Njengoko i-subprime mortgageown meltdown iqhubeka, urhulumente waseburhulumenteni kufuneka angenelele ukuhlangula uFannie Mae noFreddie Mac ngokwabo.

Emva kokuba iibhanki zityhafile, ii-GSEs zimbini zodwa ezenza iimboleko. Emva koqoqosho , amaninzi amabhanki awayi kunika umntu mboleko ngaphandle koFannie Mae kunye noFreddie Mac baqinisekisa. (Umthombo: "Imali-mboleko yasekhaya yaseFannie neFreddie," iFT.com, ngo-Aprili 2, 2008.)

04 Umsebenzi wabo kwiNgxaki yokuThengisa iMali

Ngo-Agasti 2007, i- Economist yaxwayisa ukuba amandla kaFannie kunye noFreddie ukupompa ukuthengiswa kwemali kwiimarike kunokunganyaniseki. UFannie wamemezela ukuba uya kuhoxisa umnikelo wesikweletu. Ngelo xesha kwakucingelwa ukuba uFannie unemali eyaneleyo ukwenzela ukuba alinde ukuba i-market ithucule. Nangona kunjalo, ngoNovemba ka-2007. UFannie utshilo ukulahleka kwekota eyi-1.4 yezigidigidi kwaye wachaza ukuba uza kufuna iirandi ezingama-500 kwiimali ezintsha. UFreddie wachaza i-$ 2 billion ukulahleka, uthumele ixabiso lentengo phantsi kwe-23%.

UFreddie wagcina i-$ 120.8 yezigidi zee-mortgage, kodwa encinci ipesenti yayo yonke ipotfoliyo yokusongela ukusebenza kwe-agence-okanye ukuba wonke umntu acinge. Ngo-Q4 2007, uFreddie wabika ukulahleka kwe-$ 2 billion. Ekuphenduleni, i-arhente yaphakamisa i-6 billion yezigidigidi kwixabiso elitsha ngokuthengiswa kweempahla ezikhethiweyo ukufikelela ngasemagqabini ayo. Kwakungekho okwaneleyo.

05 Nangona kunjalo abazange babangele iNkathazo yeMboleko

UFannie Mae noFreddie Mac abazange babangele i- subprime mortgage crisis . Iiphothifoliyo zazo zineepesenti ezantsi zee-mboleko zangaphantsi kunezobhanki zorhwebo kunye notyalo-mali. Nangona kunjalo, banda ukwandiswa kwabo kwezi mboleko ukugcina abo abanini-nxaxheba babonwabile kwizinto eziye zakuba yimakethe yokukhuphisana kakhulu. Ngaphambi kobunzima bezezimali, babenayo okanye baqinisekisa i-$ 1.4 trillion, okanye iipesenti ezingama-40 zazo zonke ii-United Stated mortgages. Kuloo, iiligidi ezili-168 zeebhiliyoni kuphela eziphantsi kwemali ephantsi kwemali ,

06 Baye bafumana uRhulumente: Oko kuthetha

URhulumente uchithe ubuncinane iR $ 150 billion ukuze agcine amaFenki kaFannie Mae kunye noFreddie Mac. Kuye ukulawula ii-GSEs ukususela ngoSeptemba 2008, xa i-Arhente yezeMali yeZindlu iwafaka kwi-receivership. Le yilungiselelo lesigxina, kodwa izimo zezindlu azizange ziphuculwe ngokwaneleyo ukukhulula urhulumente wale mbopheleleko.

Ikusasa likaFennie noFreddie

Ngoku ukuba uFannie noFreddie banelungelo lomntu, bafanele bahlale ngaloo ndlela, ubuncinane ngexesha. Iziphakamiso zokuzibuyisela kwakhona kwakhona, okanye ukuzinqanda nokuvumela icandelo labucala ukuba liwuthathe, aliyi kusebenza. Ngoba? Urhulumente sele sele uzame ukukhupha i-market mortgage, kwaye zonke iinzame ziye zahluleka ngokuqhubekayo.