Yintoni uFannie Mae? (FNMA)

Iindlela ezimbini ezibalulekileyo uFannie Mae uyanceda

UFannie Mae ungumbutho we-Federal National Mortgage Association. Yinkampani yangaphambili eyayixhaswe nguRhulumente ephantsi kokugcinwa kwe-Arhente yeZimali zeZindlu. Isebe le-US leNondyebo liphethe zonke izinto ezikhethiweyo eziphezulu. Oko kuthetha ukuba inzuzo ye-FNMA iya kwi-Treasury yase-US. Abatyalomali banokungathenga isitokhwe esifanayo kunye nempahla ekhethiweyo. Ukugcinwa kwempahla ayivumeli ukuba bahlawule igalelo.

Abathengi banethemba ngelinye ilanga urhulumente uyawuphelisa ukugcinwa kwempahla. Oko akunakwenzeka.

Oko Kukwenza

UFannie Mae uthengisa iimali ezivela kwiibhanki, abathengisi bemali, kunye neemanyano zemboleko. Oku kunika amabhanki imali ukwenza imali engaphezulu. Iphinde idlulisele umngcipheko wokungagqibekanga kwi-bhanki kuFannie Mae.

UFannie ke iiphakheji ezifana neentlobo zemali-mboleko kwimali- mboleko eyimali . Ithengisa i-securities kubasomali. Ezi zibandakanya iimali zentambo, iimali zempesheni, ezinye iibhanki, kunye nabanini-mali ngabanye.

UFannie Mae uyaqhubeka eneengxowa-mboleko zemali. Ihlawulela abo batyalo-mali abayingxenye yabo ehlawulelweyo yokuhlawulwa kwemali nganye yenyanga. Ezi ziquka zombini inqununu kunye nomdla. I-Federal Reserve Bank yaseNew York yenza inkokhelo ngokusebenzisa ukudluliselwa kwentambo.

UFannie Mae uqinisekisa ukuhlawula . Kodwa abatyali-mali bazinzi ezintathu.

1. Umnini wezindlu unokuhlawula imali yokuthenga. Oko kuthetha ukuba utyalomali ufumana ngaphantsi kunokuba wayecinga okokuqala.

1. Ukuba ixabiso lesigwebo liyawa, abanini bezindlu baya kuhlaziywa. Kwimeko apho, baya kuhlawula imali yokuboleka imali. Ukuhla kwezinga lesenzalo kuya kunciphisa ixabiso le-MBS.
2. Obolekayo unokungagqibekanga. Nangona kunjalo, uFannie Mae uqinisekisa ukuhlawula, ngoko umtyalo-mali akanalo mngcipheko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba abaninzi abantu ababolekisiweyo bangagqibekanga, kunokwenzeka ukuba u-Fannie Mae uyakwazi ukuhlawula ngokukhawuleza.

UFannie Mae uphinde unike inkxaso ngemali ekuphuhlisweni kwezindlu zokuqashisa ezifikelelekayo.

Ipesenti ethile ye-mortgages kaFannie Mae kufuneka isebenze iintsapho eziphantsi kunye neengeniso.

Imbali

I-FNMA yasungulwa ngowe-1938 ukuseka imarike yesibini yemali yokubolekwa kwemali mboleko eqinisekisiwe yi-Federal Housing Administration. Ngowe-1968, uFannie Mae waba yinkampani eneenini-zimali ezazingathengisa nayiphi na imali yokuthenga imali, kungekhona nje abo baqinisekisiwe ngu rhu lumente. Kwaye kwadibaniswa kwiNew York Stock Exchange .

Inkcitho ye-subprime mortgage inexinzelelo ye-FNMA yokuqinisekisa zonke ezo mboleko ezimbi. Emva kokuxhaswa kwezinto ezininzi kunye nokuzama ukugcina isiseko se-FNMA, urhulumente wesigqeba uvelise inkampani. UFannie Mae kunye noFreddie Mac behlisiwe phantsi kwe-subprime mortgage crisis .

NgoJulayi 8, 2010, uFannie Mae wamemezela isitokthi sakhe esikhethiweyo kunye nesigxina esifanelekileyo ukuthengisa kwi-OTC Bulletin Board, esikhundleni seNew York Stock Exchange kunye neChicago Stock Exchange.

Indlela Echaphazela Ngayo Uqoqosho Lwase-US

Ngaphambi kwenkathazo, uFannie Mae wakhuthaza imarike yezindlu, eyenza iipesenti ezili-10 zoqoqosho . Oko kwadala ubutyebi kubanini bezindlu abanokufumana izindlu eziphezulu. UFannie Mae wabuye wavumela iintsapho eziphantsi kunye nezingeniso zokufumana imithwalo yemali phantsi kwazo, kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wokuphila, ngendlela yobunikazi bendlu.

UFannie Mae wayebandakanyekile kwintlekele, kodwa akazange akwenze. I-MBS yahlaziywa ngamabhanki njengemithwalo yokubophelwa kwempahla . Ezi zathatha i-MBS kwaye zatshintshile zibe ngongoma . Ngokomzekelo, bafaka zonke iintlawulo zenzalo eziphantsi kwelinye icala. Abatyalomali abafuna umngcipheko omncinci bathenge loo nto. Abanye bathenga iintlawulo eziphezulu.

Ezi zi-CMO ziqinisekiswe yi- swaps default default . Xa amaxabiso ezindlu aqala ukuwa ngo-2006, akukho mntu wazi ukuba zeziphi ii-CMO ezifanelekileyo. I-AIG ayikwazanga ukuhlawula yonke i-CDS eyayikhuphe yona. Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba uFannie noFreddie babangele inkathazo yecredit mortgage . Kodwa, enyanisweni, bekuyizi ziphumo.

Ukususela kwintlekele, uFannie Mae uye wagcina imboni yezindlu ekuncedeni ubomi. Ukususela ngo-2010, indlu yenze kuphela iipesenti ezi-2 zoqoqosho. UFannie Mae kunye nomnye umntu owayengumashishini karhulumente, uFreddie Mac , ngoku uqinisekisa ipesenti ezingama-90 zazo zonke i-mortgage.

Ngamanye amazwi, iibhanki (ezazisetyenziswe malunga nantoni naleyo ene-pulse) ngoku ayiyi kuboleka nabani ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sikaRhulumente.

Indlela ekuchaphazela ngayo

UFannie Mae unceda ngeendlela ezimbini:

1. Ukuba ungumnini wezindlu, u-Fannie Mae unceda ukugcina iindleko zokuthenga imali ngokuphantsi ukwenza imali ngemali yokuthenga imali ngokulula.
2. Ukuba ufanelekile njengentsapho ephantsi okanye eyingenelo, njengotitshala, ipolisa, umcimi womlilo okanye umsebenzi wezempilo, u-Fannie Mae uya kunika ngemboleko yemali ongenakuyithenga.

Ikamva lika Fannie Mae

Abanikazi bamasheya be-FNMA bacele iNdlu ye-White House ukuba iphinde ibenze yangasese uFannie noFreddie. Bayazi ukuba ezi zimbini zenze utyalo-mali. Abanini-mali abanamhlanje bangenza ibuyiselo elungileyo malunga nokutyalomali ukuba abo babini bebucala.

Kukho abaninzi kwiCongress abangathanda ukuyidiliza uFannie noFreddie. Bayibona njengengqubana nekarhulumente engenakunyulwa kwiimarike zezindlu. (Umthombo: "Isimo sokuba uFannie, uFreddie," I-Wall Street Journal , ngo-Oktobha 20, 2015.)