Kutheni i-Government Spending Spending Income Growth and Inflation
Umninimzi waseBrithani uJohn Maynard Keynes wavelisa le ngcamango kuma-1930. Ukudakumba okukhulu kuye kwayichitha yonke into yokuzama ukuyivala. UMongameli uRoosevelt wasebenzisa uqoqosho lweCnesian ukwakha iProgram entsha yeDesign Deal . Kwiintsuku zakhe zokuqala eziyi-100 kwi-ofisi, i-FDR yandise ityala nge-4 billion zeebhiliyoni ukudala ii-arhente ezintsha kunye nemithetho. Ngokomzekelo, uMsebenzi woPhuhliso lweMisebenzi ubeke abantu abayizigidi eziyi-8.5 ukusebenza. Ulawulo lweMisebenzi yoLuntu ludale imisebenzi emine yokwakha elitsha.
I-Keynes ichaza indlela awayeyijonga ngayo kwi -General General Theory ye-Employment, Inzala kunye neMali . Ishicilelwe ngoFebruwari 1936, yayiyi-revolutionary. Okokuqala, ixeliwe ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwekarhulumente kwakuyona nto ebalulekileyo ekuqhubeni imfuno ngokubanzi . Oku kuthetha ukuba ukwanda kwenkcitho kuza kwandisa imfuno.
Okwesibini, i-Keynes ithi iindleko zikaRhulumente ziyimfuneko ukugcina umsebenzi ogcweleyo.
I-Keynes ikhuthaza ukulahleka kwemali ngexesha lesigaba sokuchasana nomjikelo.
Kodwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izapolitiki ziye zasisebenzisa nangona kwisigaba sokwandisa . Ukulahleka kukaMongameli uBush u-2006 kunye no-2007 kwandisa ityala. Kwakunceda kwakhona ukudala i-boom eyayikhokelela kwingxaki yemali ka-2007. UMongameli uTumpom ukwandisa ityala ngexesha lokukhula kwezoqoqosho. Oku kuya kubakhokelela kumjikelezo wokuhlaziya .
I-Keynesian Versus Iingcamango zezoQoqosho zoLuntu
Inkcazo yezoqoqosho yezobudala ikhuthaza umgaqo-nkqubo we-laif-do . Ithi imakethi yamahhala ivumela imithetho yokubonelela kunye nokufuna ukuzilawula ngokwasemzimbeni. Ichaza ukuba i- capitalism engapheli iya kudala imarike evelisayo ngokwayo. Kuya kubangela ukuba imibutho yabucala ibe nemibandela yokuvelisa . Ezi zinto zine zorhwebo, iimpahla ezinkulu , ubutyebi bemvelo kunye nabasebenzi . Kule ngcamango, abanikazi boshishino basebenzise iindlela ezintle zokunyusa inzuzo .
Iingcali zezoqoqosho zezobudala zorhulumente olinganiselwe. Kufuneka ibe nebhajethi elinganisiweyo kwaye ihlawulwe ityala elincinci. Ukusetyenziswa kweRhulumente kuyingozi kuba utyalo lwabiwo-mali. Kodwa oko kwenzeka kuphela xa uqoqosho lungekho kwimpumelelo. Kuloo meko, urhulumente obolekayo uya kukhuphisana kunye nezibophelelwano zenkampani. Isiphumo senzala ephezulu, eyenza ukuboleka imali ethe xaxa. Ukuba ukulahleka kwemali kuyenzeka kuphela ngexesha loqoqosho, aluyi kuphakamisa inzala. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, akusayi kuhluthwa uphuhliso lwangasese.
Ukugxeka
Amacandelo oqoqosho-mali axhasa ukuba ukwanda kwezoshishino, kungabi ngumfuno wabathengi, kuya kukhulisa uqoqosho. Bavuma ukuba urhulumente unendima yokudlala, kodwa umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali kufuneka ujolise iinkampani.
Baxhomekeke ekucutshulweni kwentlawulo kunye nokususwa komthetho.
Abaxhasi bezoqoqosho-mpahla bathi yonke imigaqo-nkqubo yezemali kufuneka incedise abatyebi. Ekubeni abacebileyo bengabanini-bhishini, iinzuzo kubo ziya kunqumla wonke umntu.
I-Monetarists ithi umgaqo-mali wemali ngumqhubi wangempela womjikelo. I-Monetarists njengoMilton Friedman bagxeke ukuCalulelwa kwizinga eliphezulu. Bakholelwa ukuba ukwanda kwenkxaso yemali kuya kugqiba ukunyusa nokukhuphula ukukhula.
Izentlalo zigxeka i-Keynesianism kuba ayihambi ngokukhawuleza. Bakholelwa ukuba urhulumente kufuneka athathe inxaxheba ekhuselekileyo ekukhuseleni inhlalakahle efanayo. Oku kuthetha ukufumana ezinye izinto zokuvelisa. Uninzi lwaorhulumente bezentlalo-ntsapho banamandla karhulumente, ukunakekelwa kwempilo kunye neenkonzo zemfundo.
Okubaluleke nakakhulu ngabahlali . Bakholelwa ukuba abantu, njengamelwa nguRhulumente, kufuneka babe neyonke into.
URhulumente ulawula ngokupheleleyo uqoqosho.
I-Keynesian Multiplier
Umtshengisi we-Keynesi umele ukuba inani elidinga idoli nganye yeevenki zikaRhulumente zenza ntoni. Ngokomzekelo, ukuphindaphindwa kweebini kudala i-$ 2 yomkhiqizo owenziweyo ekhaya yonke i-$ 1 yokuchitha. Uninzi lwezoqoqosho lugunyazisa ukuba umphindisi we-Keynesiya unye. Wonke ama-R $ 1 urhulumente achitha uyongeza i-$ 1 ukukhula koqoqosho. Ekubeni iindleko zikaRhulumente ziyinxalenye ye-GDP, kufuneka ukuba ubuncinane ibe nefuthe elikhulu.
Ummemezeli we-Keynesi usebenza nokunciphisa ukuchitha. I-International Monetary Fund iqikelele ukuba ukuchithwa kwenkcitho karhulumente ngexesha loqhawulo lune-multiplier ye-1.5 okanye ngaphezulu. Oorhulumente abagxininisa kumanyathelo athatyathwa ngexesha lokunciphisa imali basusa i-$ 1.50 ukusuka kwi-GDP kuyo yonke i-$ 1 yokusika.
INew Keynesian Theory
Ngee-1970, ukulindela okunengqiqo i-theorists iphikisana nenkolelo yeChinnesia. Bathi abahlawuli berhafu baya kulindela ityala elibangelwa ukuchitha imali. Abathengi bayakusindisa namhlanje ukuhlawula ityala elizayo. Ukuchitha imali ngokwemali kuya kubangela ukugcina imali, kungabi ukwanda kweemfuno okanye ukukhula koqoqosho.
Iingcamango ezilindelekileyo ezinengqiqo zaphefumlela iiNtshinesi ezintsha. Bathi umgaqo-mali wemali unamandla ngaphezu komgaqo-nkqubo wezemali. Ukuba kwenziwe ngokuchanekileyo, umgaqo-mali wokunyusa uya kunciphisa imfuno yokuchitha imali. Iibhanki eziphambili azidingi uncedo lwezobupolitika ukuba zilawulwe uqoqosho. Baya kulungisa nje ukubonelela ngemali.
U mzekelo
UMongameli uRoosevelt wagqiba ukuCaluleka OkuKhulu ngokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokudala imisebenzi. Wadala ukhuseleko lweNtlalontle, umvuzo omncinci wase - US kunye nemithetho yomsebenzi wabantwana. I- Insurance Deposit Insurance Corporation inqanda ibhanki isebenze ngokuqinisekisa iifomiti.
UMongameli Reagan wathembisa ukunciphisa intlawulo karhulumente kunye nentlawulo. Wabiza le migaqo-nkqubo yeRiphabliki yeReaganomics . Kodwa endaweni yokunciphisa imali, uRagag wandisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwama-2,5 ngonyaka. Wandisa ukwanda kwemali kwi-444 billion ukuya kwii-580 zeebhiliyoni ezidlulileyo ekupheleni kwekota yokuqala. Wanciphisa irhafu yengeniso kunye nenani lentlawulo yerhafu . Endaweni yokunciphisa ityala, uReagan ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini. Kodwa oko kwakunceda ekupheleni kwe-1981.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho eyongeziweyo kaBill Clinton yakhuthaza iminyaka elishumi yokuchuma. Wadala imisebenzi engaphezulu kunoma yimuphi umongameli . Ubunini bekhaya buyi-67.7 yeepesenti, izinga eliphezulu lirekhodiweyo. Intlupheko yehla ngephantsi kwe-11,8 ekhulwini.
Imigaqo kaMongameli Obama yaphelisa uMhla wokuKhululeka koMkhulu kunye noMthetho woThutho loQoqosho . Esi sithuba sichitha i-$ 224 yezigidigidi kwiingeniso zengqesho ezingaphangeliyo , imfundo kunye nokunakekelwa kwempilo. Yakha imisebenzi ngokunika i-$ 275 yezigidigidi kwiikontrakthi zedolophu, izibonelelo kunye neemboleko. Igawula iirhafu ngeeRandi ezingama-288 zeebhiliyoni. I-Obamacare yanciphisa ukukhula kweendleko zempilo .