Iinqununu eziMathandathu kunye neziNxalenye ezintlanu zeNkxaso yokuBambisana
Imfuno ehlangeneyo yindleko jikelele yazo zonke iimpahla kunye neenkonzo kwizoqoqosho lonke. Ilizwi le-macroeconomic elichaza ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezithengiweyo kwilizwe kunye namaxabiso. Yonke into ethengwayo kwilizwe yinto efanayo nayo yonke into eyenziwa kwilizwe. Ngako oko, ixabiso elilinganayo lilingana nomkhiqizo owenziweyo wezoqoqosho.
Kulandela umthetho weemfuno othi abantu baya kufuna izinto ezintle kunye neenkonzo xa amaxabiso awela.
Oko kuthatha ezinye izinto eziqhuba umfuno akutshintshi. AbaSomnotho babiza le ceteris paribus , okanye zonke ezinye izinto zilingana. Kuthetha ukuba ezinye iinqununu ezihlanu zeemfuno zihlala zifanayo. Ziyimali engenayo, amaxabiso ezinxulumene neempahla okanye iinkonzo (ingaba zidibanisa okanye zifaka indawo), ukuthanda kunye nokulindela. Isisombululo sesithandathu esichaphazela kuphela umfuno weqela elipheleleyo inani labathengi kwezoqoqosho.
I- curve ye-curve yesidingo ibonisa ubuninzi obufunekayo kwixabiso ngalinye. Kufana nekharityhulam yokufuna esetyenziswa kwi-microeconomics. Oko kubonisa ukuba ubungakanani bento enhle okanye inkonzo iguquka ekuphenduleni ixabiso. I-curve ye-curve imfuno ibonisa indlela iimfuno zelizwe ezitshintsha ngayo kwimpendulo kuwo onke amaxabiso. Uyakwazi ukubona oku kulungelelaniso lweemfuno ezingaphezulu.
Iziqulatho ezintlanu zeNkxaso yokuBambisana
Kukho iinxalenye ezintlanu zexabiso elibanzi. Ezi zifana nezixhobo zeGDP .
- Inkcitho yabathengi . Yiloo nto iintsapho ezichitha kwiimveliso zokugqibela ezingasetyenziselwa utyalo-mali.
- Ukutshatyalaliswa kwemali kwezoshishino. Kuquka kuphela ukuthengwa kwezixhobo, izakhiwo, kunye ne-inventory.
- Inkcitho kaRhulumente kwimpahla kunye neenkonzo. Akwabandakanyi iintlawulo zokudlulisa, ezifana noKhuselo loLuntu, iMirari, kunye neMedicaid. Abafakiwe ngenxa yokuba abanako ukwandisa imfuno. Ezi zintshintsho zokufunwa kwiqela elinye (abahlawuli berhafu) kwelinye (abaxhamli).
- I ntengiso . Kufuneka kwamanye amazwe.
- Ukungeniswa kweminye . Ziyimfuneko eyenziwa ngabemi base-US abangenakuhlangana nemveliso yasekhaya. Ngoko ke, imfuno iphuma kwinkqubo yoqoqosho yaseUnited States.
I-Formula yeFomula yoMfuno
Umlinganiselo wokulinganisa ulinganiswa ngolu hlobo lweemathematika olulandelayo.
AD = C + I + G + (XM)
Ichaza ubudlelwane phakathi kweemfuno kunye nezinto zayo ezihlanu.
Igalelo loLuntu = UkuThengwa kwabaThengi + UkuTyala imali-mali + UkuThengiswa koRhulumente + (IiNgeniso-ukungenisa)
Indlela yokubala Ukufunwa komlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa Usebenzisa iUnited States njengomzekelo
Imfuno epheleleyo yase-United States yayingama-19.39 trillion ngo-2017. Ngethamsanqa, le fom yexabiso elibanzi lifana nelinye elisetyenziswe yiBhunga loHlolo lwezoQoqosho ukulinganisa iGDP. Nantsi indlela yokubala. Sebenzisa iThebula 1.1.5 I-GDP ye-GDP ye-BEA kunye ne-Personal Income Accounts.
- C = Iindleko zokusetyenziswa kwee-$ 13.40 ezigidigidi.
- I = Utyalo-mali lwangasese lwasekhaya oluzimeleyo lwama-3.21 trillion.
- G = Iindleko zeeNkcitho zikaRhulumente ezi-3.35 trillion.
- (XM) = Iintengiso zeeMpahla kunye neeNkonzo ze-$ 0.57 billion.
Bangeze kunye kwaye ufumane i $ 19.74 trillion.
Kutheni ama-US athunyelwa kakhulu
Icandelo elibaluleke kakhulu lemfuno yintengiso yabathengi kunye neenkonzo.
Nangona iUnited States inika iinkonzo zayo, ingenisa iimpahla ezinokuthi zenziwe ngempumelelo ngaphesheya kwezilwandle. Ezi zibandakanya iimveliso zorhwebo, ioli, i-telecommunication equipment, i-autos, iimpahla kunye nefenitshala.
Iingcali ezininzi zithi iUnited States ilahlekelwe umgangatho walo wokukhuphisana ekuveliseni le mveliso, kwaye ibe yinkxaso-nkqubo ejongene nenkonzo. Imfuno iqhuba ukukhula koqoqosho, kwaye ukukhula kwemfuno kufuna. Nantsi indlela esebenza ngayo. Njengokuba imali ivela, abantu banokuthenga ngaphezulu. Njengoko abantu bathenga ngaphezulu, iinkampani zinokwenza ngaphezulu, kwaye ke zihlawule abasebenzi abaninzi. Iimeko ezifanelekileyo kukukhula okusemgangathweni kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso okulinganisela.
Kulula Kangakanani Ukufuna Kwe-US Ukuncipha
Ekubeni ixabiso lixhomekeke kwingeniso kunye nobutyebi bomntu, ukuhla kwezinto eziphantsi kwemfuno. Ngaphambi kobunzima bezimali ngo-2008 , ukulungelelanisa umthamo wemali ngamnye kwintsapho yaphakama kuphela i-1.5 ekhulwini ukususela ngo-2001 ukuya ku-2004 ngokwemibiko ye- Federal Reserve .
Ekubeni ixabiso elifanelekileyo alizange lihambisane nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kule minyaka, umyinge wekhaya uziva uhlwempu.
Ukuhlangabeza imfuno, iintsapho zasebenzisa iitalente zemali ephantsi-mali. Ngenxa yoko, ukulungiswa kwetyala jikelele kwathabatha ipesenteji ebalulekileyo yengeniso yomzi. Enyanisweni, inani lokuhlawulwa kwexesha elide (iintsuku eziyi-60 + linyuswe, ngakumbi phakathi kwama-80 ekhulwini we-intlawulo yesabelo. Xa izindleko zezindlu zawa, ukulingana kwasekhaya kwomile. Abanye abanikazi bezindlu bahamba, ngelixa abanye babengenako ukwenza iintlawulo zendlu xa belahlekelwa yimisebenzi yabo.
Ngenxa yoko, amanqanaba amatyala amatyala awa. Ukuhlanganiswa kobuncwane abangaphantsi, imali engaphantsi, kunye neencitshiswa ezincitshisiweyo zanciphisa intswelo ye-US Njengoko lilinganiselwe yi- GDP, ixabiso lawa ngama-0.3 ekhulwini ngo-2008 .