Umthetho Wokufuna Ukucaciswa Ukusebenzisa Iimzekelo kwi-Economics yase-US
Ishedyuli yesidingo ikuxelela ubuninzi obuya kuthengwa ngalo nawuphi na umrhumo. Umzekelo wobomi bokuba yintoni le nto isebenza ngayo kwishedyuli yesidingo yenkomo ngo-2014.
I- curve yeemfuno ziqulunqa loo manani kwitshathi. Ubungakanani bubuxhakaxhaka okanye x-axis , kwaye ixabiso likwinqanaba okanye y-axis .
Ukuba inani elithengiweyo lithengwa kakhulu xa ixabiso liyenzayo, ngoko libizwa ngokuba yimfuneko ye-elastic . Umzekelo wale nto ice cream. Unokufumana kalula i-dessert eyahlukileyo ukuba ixabiso liphakame kakhulu.
Ukuba inani alitshintshi kakhulu xa kuthengwa intengo, okubizwa ngokuba yi- inelastic imfuno . Umzekelo wale nto i-petroli. Kufuneka uthenge ngokwaneleyo ukuba ufike emsebenzini ngaphandle kwexabiso.
Olu lwalamano lugcina inyaniso nje ngokuba "zonke ezinye izinto zihlala zilingana." Lelo nxalenye ibaluleke kangangokuba i-economists isebenzisa igama lesiLatin ukulichaza-ceteris paribus . "Zonke ezinye izinto" ezifuna ukulingana phantsi kwe- ceteris paribus zizinye izigqibo zokufuna . Lawa maxabiso enxulumene neempahla okanye iinkonzo, ingeniso, ukuthanda okanye ukukhetha, kunye nokulindela. Ukufuna imfuno , inani labathengi kwiimakethi liyi-determinant.
Ukuba ezinye iinqununu ziyatshintsha, abathengi baya kuthengwa ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi komkhiqizo nakuba ixabiso lihlala lifanayo. Oko kubizwa ngokuba kutshintshile kwinqanaba leemfuno .
UMthetho woMfuno ochazwe
Ngokomzekelo, iinqwelo-moya zifuna ukunciphisa ixabiso xa amaxabiso eoli ephakama ukuba ahlale enenzuzo. Abafuni nokunciphisa iindiza.
Kunoko, bathenga ezinye iiplanethi eziphathekayo, zizalise zonke izihlalo, kwaye zitshintshe imisebenzi yokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle. Ngenxa yoko, baye baphakamisa i-situ-miles nge-gallon ukususela ngo-55 ngo-2005 ukuya ku-60 ngo-2011. Umthetho weemfuno wawuza kuchaza oku njengokuba ubungakanani bemfuyo efunekayo yilezi zizaphulo ziyahlahla njengoko intengo iphakanyisiwe.
Ewe, zonke ezinye izinto azizange zilingane ngeli xesha. Enyanisweni, ukufunwa kwe-jet fuel kwakuncitshiswa ngenxa yokuba ingeniso yeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo-moya zaye zahla ngexesha elinye Inkxalabo yezemali yehlabathi ka-2008 yayitsho ukuba abahambahambayo banqumle imfuno yabo yokuhamba ngomoya. Iindwendwe zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo-moya ziguqukile Bayaqonda ukuba mhlawumbi baya kuqhubeka nokunyuka kwixesha elide. Ezinye iimbali ezimbini zokufunwa kweenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo-moya zasihlala zifanayo. Akwazanga ukutshintshela kwenye i-fuel, kwaye ukuthanda kwabo okanye umnqweno wokusebenzisa i-jet fuel akazange ashintshe. (Umthombo: "Iindleko ze-Jet Fuel eziPhakamileyo zeNdleko zeeNdleko zokuPhucula indleko," i-EIA.)
Abathengisi basebenzisa umyalelo wesidingo rhoqo xa banikezela ukuthengiswa. Kwixesha elifutshane, zonke ezinye izinto zilingana. Yingakho ukuthengisa kudla ngokuyimpumelelo ekuqhubeni imfuno. Abathengi baphendule ngokukhawuleza kwixabiso lokupapashwa kwexabiso. Isebenza ngokukodwa xa kuthengiswa iholide enkulu, njenge- Black Friday ne- Cyber ngoMvulo .
UMthetho woMfuno kunye neCandelo loShishino
Abezopolitiko kunye neebhanki eziphambili bayaziqonda kakuhle umthetho weemfuno. Igunya lika-Federal Reserve liyakuthintela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ngelixa kunciphise ukungasebenzi. Ngexesha lokwandisa umjikelezo wezoqoqosho , i-Fed izama ukunciphisa imfuno yazo zonke iimpahla kunye neenkonzo ngokuphakamisa intengo yezinto zonke. Yenza oku nge- policy policy contractionary . Yakhuphula izinga lokuxhaswa kwemali , okwandisa inzala kwimali mboleko kunye nemali yokubolekwa kwemali. Eye inempembelelo efanayo nokuphakamisa amanani, kuqala kwimali-mboleko, ngoko ke yonke into ethengwe ngemali-mboleko, kwaye ekugqibeleni yonke into.
Ewe, xa amaxabiso akhuphuka, kunjalo nokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Oko akusoloko kuyinto embi. I-Fed inokujoliswa kwexabiso lentengo ye-2 ekhulwini. Oko kubeka ithemba lokuba amaxabiso aya kunyusa iipesenti ezi-2 ngonyaka. Ukwandisa imfuno kuba abantu bayazi ukuba izinto ziza kubiza kuphela unyaka ozayo.
Ngoko ke, banokuyithenga ngoku i- ceteris paribus .
Ngexesha loqoqosho okanye isigaba sokuqhawulwa komjikelezo wezoshishino, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo banenkinga enkulu. Kufuneka bavuselele umfuno xa abasebenzi belahlekelwa imisebenzi kunye namakhaya, kwaye banomvuzo omncinci kunye nobutyebi. Inkqubo yemali yokwandisa iyanciphisa amaxabiso omyinge, ngoko ukunciphisa intlawulo yezinto zonke. Ukuba ukunyuka kwemali kukubi ngokwaneleyo, akunciphisi inani elaneleyo lokunciphisa ingeniso engaphantsi.
Kuloo meko, kufuneka umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali . Urhulumente wesigqeba ngokuqhelekileyo uqala ukusebenzisa imali ukudala imisebenzi yomsebenzi woluntu, ukwandisa iingeniso zengqesho kunye nokuhlawula irhafu. Oku kwandisa ukungaphumeleli ngenxa yokufumana inzuzo karhulumente ngokweentlawulo ziphantsi. Xa ukuzithemba kunye nemfuno zibuyiselwe, ilahleko iya kuwela njengoko iirisithi zanda.