Ukukhangela izizathu, iindleko kunye nokulinganisa amathuba okuba kwakhona
Kwakhokelela kwiNkulumbuso enkulu . Yilapho ixabiso lezindlu liye lawa ngamaphesenti angama-31.8 , ngaphezu kwexesha loxinzelelo. Kwiminyaka emibili emva kokupheliswa kwemali, ukungaqeshwa kwabangaphantsi kwama-9 ekhulwini . Akunakubali abasebenzi abadimazekile abayeke ukukhangela umsebenzi.
Izizathu
Isibonakaliso sokuqala sokuba uqoqosho lwalukho nkxalabo ngo-2006. Yilapho amaxabiso ezindlu aqala ukuwa. Ekuqaleni, abenzi bezakhiwo baqhwaba. Babecinga ukuba iimakethe ezithengisa izindlu ziya kubuya kwinqanaba elizinzileyo.
Abathengi abazange baqaphele ukuba baninzi abanini-mafa abanekhredithi engaqinisekanga. Amabhanki aye avumele abantu ukuba bathathe imali-mboleko kwipesenti ezili-100 okanye ngaphezulu kwexabiso lamakhaya abo amatsha. Abaninzi babethetha uMthetho wokuThengiswa koLuntu . Yagxotha amabhanki ukuba enze utyalo-mali kwiindawo eziphantsi komhlaba, kodwa loo nto yayingeyona imbangela.
Umthetho we-Gramm-Rudman wawungumntu wangempela. Yavumela iibhanki ukuba zibandakanye kwiimveliso ezifumana inzuzo ezithengisayo kubathengi. Ezi mboleko zemali ezixhaswe ngemali zifuna ukubolekwa kwezindlu njengempahla yokubambisa. Iimvelaphi zenze isidingo esingenakunqwenelekayo sokubanjiswa kwemali engaphezulu.
I-Federal Reserve yayikholelwa ukuba ingxaki ye-mortgage subprime iya kuhlala ixhomekeke kwiinkqubo zezindlu.
Amagosa aseFed ayengazi ukuba umonakalo wawusasazeka kangakanani. Abazange baqonde iimbangela zangempela zenkxaso-mboleko ye-subprime kuze kube yilapho kamva.
Iimali zeHedge kunye namanye amaziko eemali ehlabathini lonke anesibambiso sokubambisa imali. Iimfesimali zaye zixhaswa ngemali , iimpahla zenkampani kunye nemali yomhlalaphantsi .
Iibhanki zacima i-mortgages yasekuqaleni kwaye ibuye ibuye ibuyele kwakhona kwi- tranches . Oko kwenza ukuba iziphumo ezikhoyo zingenakukwazi ukubiza.
Kutheni na iimali zempesheni ezithintekayo zithengela izinto ezinobungozi kangaka? Becinga ukuba imveliso yomshuwalense ebizwa ngokuba yi- credit default swaps . Inkampani yomshuwalense wendabuko eyaziwa ngokuba ngu- AIG ithengise ezi swaps. Xa iziphumo ezilahlekileyo zixabiseke, i-AIG yayingenayo ukuhamba kwemali eyaneleyo ukuze ihloniphe yonke i-swaps.
Iibhanki zatshatyalaliswa xa zifumanisa ukuba ziya kufuneka zithathe ilahleko. Bayeka ukubolekisa omnye nomnye. Abazange bafune ezinye iibhanki zibanike iimfesimali ezingenanto ezingabalulekanga. Akukho mntu wayefuna ukubambelela ephethe isikhwama. Ngenxa yoko, iindleko zokubolekisa ngaphakathi (ezaziwa ngokuba yiLibor ) zavuka. Ukungathembeki kwintlalo yasebhanki yimbangela ebalulekileyo yenkxalabo yemali ka-2008 ,
Iindleko
Ngo-2007, i- Federal Reserve yaqalisa ukupompa umbane kwi-bhanki kwinkqubo ye- Term Auction Facility . Ukujonga emva, kunzima ukubona indlela abalahlekelwa ngayo iimpawu zokuqala ngo-2007 .
Izenzo ze-Fed azizange zanele. Ngo-Matshi 2008, abatyali-mali bahamba emva kwebhanki yotyalo-mali i- Bear Stearns . Iimvumi zatshengisa ukuba zininzi zezinto ezinobuthi . Ibhere lafika kuJP Morgan Chase ukuyikhwela. I-Fed yayifanele ifumane umnotho kunye ne-$ 30 yezigidigidi.
IWall Street yacinga ukuba ukwesaba kwakuphelile.
Kunoko, imeko yonakaliswa kulo lonke ihlobo lonyaka ka-2008. ICongress yagunyaza ukuba iSebe lezeNondyebo likhonze iinkampani zemibolekiso yeFannie Mae kunye noFreddie Mac . I-Fed yasebenzisa i-$ 85 yezigidigidi ukukhupha i-AIG. Ngo-Oktobha, le nto yaphakama kwi-150 yezigidigidi.
Ngomhla ka-Septemba 19, 2008, le nkathazo yenze i- run in cash-currencies . Yilapho iifestile ezininzi zibeka nayiphi na imali engaphezu kwemali ebeyifumene nayo ekupheleni kosuku. Bafumana inzala encinane kuyo ngobusuku. Amabhanki asebenzisa loo mali ukuze enze imali mboleko emfutshane. Ngethuba lokugijima, iinkampani zithumele irekhodi eyi-$ 140 yezigidi zee-akhawunti zeemarike zeemarike kunye nezibophelelo ezikhuselekileyo ze- Treasury . Ukuba ezi ngxelo ziye zaphazamiseka, imisebenzi yezoshishino kunye noqoqosho luya kugaya.
UNobhala wezeMali uNobhala uHenry Paulson udibene noFed Chair Ben Benan .
Bathumela kwiNgqungquthela ipakethe ye-$ 700 billion yokuthuthwa kwempahla. Ukuphendula kwabo ngokukhawuleza kwaqinisekisa ukuba amashishini agcine imali yabo kwiakhawunti yemarike yemali.
AmaRiphabhulikhi avimbile ibhiliki yeeveki ezimbini. Abazange bafune ukukhwela ibhanki. Abazange bamkele i-bill yada kuthi iifowuni ze-stock market zitshitshise. Kwakungomnye weziganeko eziphambili ezingama-33 kwinqanaba lomndilili wezezimali ka - 2008 .
Kodwa iphakheji yokukhupha imali ayizange ihlawulise umhlawuli-ntlawulo i-$ 700 yezigidigidi. Isebe leNondyebo lisetyenzisile i-$ 350 yezigidigidi ukuthenga izitishi zebhanki kunye neenqwelo zezimoto xa amaxabiso aphantsi. Ngo-2010, iibhanki zazibuyisela i-$ 194 yezigidigidi kwi- TARP fund.
Eminye i-$ 350 yezigidigidi yayingumongameli Obama , ongazange awusebenzise. Kunoko, waqalisa i-$ 787 yezigidigidi ze- Economic Stimulus iphakheji . Ukubeka imali ngokuthe ngqo kwizoqoqosho endaweni yeebhanki. Kwakwanele ukuphelisa ingxaki yemali ngoJulayi 2009 .
Indlela Engahle Yenzeke kwakhona
Abaninzi bee- mthetho bawagxeka uFennie noFreddie yonke ingxaki. Kuzo, isisombululo ukuvala okanye ukucwangcisa i-arhente ezimbini . Kodwa xa bevaliwe, imakethi yezindlu iya kuqubuka. Kungenxa yokuba ziqinisekisa ipesenti ezingama-90 zazo zonke iimali. Ngaphezulu, ukugcinwa kwemali-mboleko (ukuthengwa kwemali kunye nokuthengiswa kwemali-mboleko) kuye kwasasazeka ngaphezu kwezindlu kuphela.
Urhulumente kufuneka angenele ukulawula. I-Congress yadlulisela uMthetho we- Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act ukukhusela ibhanki ekuthathweni komngcipheko omkhulu. Ivumela iFed ukunciphisa ubungakanani bebhanki kulabo abakhulu kakhulu ukuba bangaphumeleli .
Kodwa kwashiya amaninzi amanyathelo ukuya kubalawuli bephondo ukuba bahlele iinkcukacha. Okwangoku, iibhanki ziyaqhubeka zikhula kwaye ziyakushukumisela ukuba zilahlwe nalo mgaqo. Inkathazo yezezimali ka-2008 yabonisa ukuba iibhanki zazingakwazi ukuzilawula. Ngaphandle kolawulo lukaRhulumente njengoDodd-Frank, bangabangela enye inkathazo yehlabathi.