Indima kwi-Scandal ka-2012 kunye neNkqubela yeMali ka-2008
Ngomhla ka-Agasti 4, 2014, i-ICE Benchmark Administration ithathe ulawulo lweLibor kwi-British Bankers Association.
I-ICE isichazizwi se-Intercontinental Exchange. I-ICE ibala iirhafu ezisekelwe kwiingeniso ezivela kwiibhanki zabanye. Kukho iphaneli yokujongana nayiphi na ibhanki yegalelo ye-11 ukuya kwe-18 kwerhafu nganye ibalwa.
Indlela ekubalwa ngayo
Ngaphambi kokuba i-ICE ithathe, i-British Bankers 'Association yalawulwa yiLibor. Kubalwa inani ukusuka kwiphaneli yeebhanki ezimele amazwe kwii-currencies nganye. I-BBA icele ibhanki ukuba ingaba iya kubahlawulela imali enikwe kunye nobude besikhathi.
Kutheni Kubalulekile
Ukongeza kokubeka ireyithi yemali-mboleko ye-interbank, i-Libor isetyenziselwa ukukhokela amabhanki ekusetyenzisweni kwemilinganiselo yemali -mboleko yokulinganisa. Ezi zibandakanya iimali-mboleko ezifunyenweyo kuphela kunye netyala lekhadi lesikweletu . Ababolekisi bongeza inqaku okanye ezimbini ukudala inzuzo.
I-BBA iqikelele ukuba i-$ 10 trillion kwiimali-mboleko zichaphazeleka yi-Libor rate. Amabhanki asebenzisa uLebor ukubala inani le-swaps yenzala kunye ne- swaps default default .
Ezi ziqinisekisile iibhanki ngokuchasene nemboleko.
Iibhanki zenziwe i-Libor kuma-1980. Bayafuna umthombo onokwethenjelwa wokubeka amaxabiso enzala kwimveliso. Ngomnyaka we-1986, i-rate yokuqala yeLibor yaziswa. Kwakuyimali emithathu: i-dollar yase-United States, i-British sterling, kunye neYapan .
Indlela ekuchaphazela ngayo
Ukuba unemali-mboleko yemirhumo, izinga lakho liza kusetyenziswa kwakhona ngokusekelwe kwisilinganiselo seLibor.
Ngenxa yoko, ukuba iLibor iphuma, kuya kubakho iintlawulo zakho zenyanga. Kuya kufana nokuhlawulwa kwetyala lakho elikodwa lekhadi lesikweletu .
Nangona unemali-mboleko echanekileyo kwaye uhlawule amakhadi akho ekwereta ngenyanga, ukukhuphuka kweLibor kuya kukuchaphazela. Yenza zonke iimali mboleko zibiza kakhulu. Oku kunciphisa ukufunwa kwabathengi kunye nokunciphisa ukukhula koqoqosho . Iinkampani ezingenako ukwandisa aziyi kufuna ukuqesha. Njengoko ixabiso liwela, banokufuna ukuba bayeke abasebenzi. Ukuba i-Libor ihlala iphakamileyo, ngoko iyakwazi ukudala uqoqosho kunye nokungasebenzi okukhulu.
Abalawuli bayaphumelela kwi-Libor
NgoJulayi 26, 2017, iGunya loLawulo lokuPhathwa kwezeMali laseUnited Kingdom liye lazisa ukuba liza kubeka i-Libor ngo-2021. Kungenxa yokuba iibhanki ziye zanciphisa ukuboleka kwabo. Oko kuthetha ukuba akukho ukuthengwa okwaneleyo kwezinye iirharensi ukubonelela ngqi kelelo lwe-Libor rate.
Ibhanki laseNgilani livavanya abatshintshi abahlukeneyo. Enye enye indlela ye-Sterling Overnight Index. Isebenzisa iibhanki 'kwiirhafu zemali zobusuku ngeemali ezintle. Enye ireyiti yokuboleka imali. I-UK Igunya liya kubeka kancane kancane nayiphi na indawo.
EUnited States, iKomidi yeeRhafu zokuThengiswa kwamanye amazwe yavuma ukusebenzisa indawo yeedola zama dollar.
Kuya kubeka isantya kwinqanaba elitsha ngo-2019. Isilinganiso esitsha siya kusekelwe kwizinto ezisetyenziselwa izivumelwano zokuthengwa. Ezi zentengiselwano "zohlaziyo" ngokwabo zisekelwe kwi-Treasury.
2012 Libor Scandal
Ngo-2012, ibhanki yaseBarlaylay yayityholwa ngamanqanaba angaphantsi kwamaxabiso angaphantsi kunokuba anikezelwa ngexesha lonyaka ka-2005 ukuya ku-2009. Ngenxa yoko, uBarlaylay wahlawuliswa izigidi ezingama-450 zamaRandi. I-CEO yayo, uBob Diamond, yashiya. I-Diamond yathi enye ibhanki yenza into efanayo kwaye iBhanki yaseNgilani yazi malunga nayo. Inkundla yaseLondon izuze amabhanki ayisithandathu ngoJanuwari 2016. Amabhanki amathathu atholakala enetyala ngo-2015: uTom Hayes ngo-Agasti, no-Anthony Allen no-Anthony Conti waseRabobank ngoNovemba.
Kutheni iBarclays okanye nayiphina ibhanki yayingathethi ngezinga layo leLibor? Ibhanki ingenza inzuzo ephezulu ngokwenza njalo. Uninzi lweebhanki lubona izinga eliphantsi le-Libor njengempawu yokuba ibhanki iyona engcono kunomnye ngezinga eliphezulu leLibor.
Ekubeni uBarlaylay wangenisa isantya esezantsi , unokufumana inzuzo. Izinga eliphantsi leLibor liguqulela kwisantya somdla esincinci kwiimali-mboleko ezininzi eziguqukayo.
Indlela eyabangela ngayo iNkcazo yeMali ka-2008
Ngonyaka ka-2008, i-credit-swaps ye-credit default swaps yandinceda kubangele ingxaki yemali . Iibhanki kunye neengxowa zemali zicinga ukuba ii-swaps ziza kuzikhusela kwiindawo ezikhuselekileyo zokubambisa imali .
Kodwa xa i- subprime mortgages yaqala ukungagqibekanga, iinkampani zomshuwalense ezifana ne- American International Group Inc. zazingenayo imali eyaneleyo yokuhlonipha i-swaps. I- Federal Reserve kwafuneka ikhuphe i-AIG. Ngaphandle koko, bonke abo babamba i-swaps babeya kuphazamiseka.
I-Libor idla ngokuphindaphindiweyo kweyeshumi kwinqanaba elingaphezulu kwexabiso lemali elondliwe . Ngo-Apreli 2008, inyanga ezintathu uLibor zenyuka ukuya kuma-2.9 ekhulwini, njengoko i- Federal Reserve iyanciphisa izinga layo kwi-2 ekhulwini. Amabhanki ayethusa xa iFed ikhupha i-Bear Stearns. Kwakuya kubhatala kwiingxowa-mali kwiingxowa- mboleko zangaphantsi .
Ngehlobo le-2008, iibhanki aziyi kuboleka omnye nomnye. Babesaba ukuba bazuze ifa lomntu ngamnye njengento yokubambisa. ULibor wavuka ngokukhawuleza, ebonisa iindleko eziphezulu zokuboleka. Ngo-Oktobha, i-Fed iyancipha ixabiso lokunyusa imali kwi-1.5 yeepesenti, kodwa i-Libor yaphakama ukuya kuma-4.8 ekhulwini.
Ekuphenduleni, i-Dow yawa ngama-14 ekhulwini njengoko abatyala-mali bathatyathwa. Ngoba? Umlinganiselo ophezulu weLibor unjengentlawulo yokwesaba. Ngelo xesha, izinga likaLibor lachaphazela i-$ 360 trillion yeemveliso zezimali. Ubungakanani beengxaki bukhumbuza ingqondo. Ukuzama nokubeka oku ngolu hlobo, uqoqosho loqoqosho jikelele "kuphela" luvelisa i-$ 65 trillion kwimpahla kunye neenkonzo.
Njengoko i-Libor yavuka kwindawo epheleleyo ngaphezu kwezinga lokuxhaswa kweemali, lenza njengemali engaphezulu kwama-3.6 trillion ngentlawulo ehlawulwa ngabbolekayo. Ayincedi nto kwizoqoqosho ngokubuyisela. Abatyalomali bakhathazekile ukuba "ukwesaba irhafu" kuya kunciphisa ukukhula koqoqosho. Yenza kanye loo nto. Kuze kube yilapho i-$ 700 billion yokukhutshwa kweebhiliyoni iyanceda ekuqinisekiseni ibhanki yenza ukuba uLibor abuyele kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo.
Nangona u-Libor ebuyela ngokuqhelekileyo, iibhanki zaqhubeka zigcina imali. Ekupheleni kukaDisemba 2008, iibhanki zazingenayo i-euro eziyi-bhiliyoni ezingama-euro kwi-Central Bank yaseYurophu. Kwaye kwehla kwi-200 bhiliyoni yezinga le-euro ekuphakameni kweengxaki. Kodwa kwakuphakamileyo kakhulu kunezinga eliqhelekileyo le-427 yezigidi ze-euro. Kutheni benza oku? Beyesaba ukuboleka omnye nomnye. Akukho mntu wayefuna ezinye izinto ezinokubambisa iimali eziphantsi kwemali ephantsi kwendleko. Amabhanki ayesaba abo basebenzisana nabo babeza kulahla iitalato ezimbi kwiincwadi zabo. Oko kuthetha ukuba iibhanki zithembela kwiibhanki eziphambili ngemfuno zabo zemali endaweni yomnye.
Isilinganiso seLibor senyuka ngasekupheleni konyaka ka-2011 njengoko abatyali-mali bathatha uxhalaba malunga nokungahlawulwanga kwetyala ngenxa yeengxaki ze- eurozone . Ngoku kutshanje ngo-2012, ikhredithi yayigcinwe njengoko iibhanki zasebenzisa imali engaphezu kwemali ukubhalwa kwangaphambili kwemithwalo yokuboleka imali.