Inkcazo yeMali ka-2008
Ekuqaleni, kwakubonakala ngathi inkathazo yezezimali ngo-2008 yayifana neCrisis Savings and Loan Crisis ka-1987.
Bobabini babangelwa buqhetseba. Inkampani ye-Mortgage i-Ameriquest isetyenzisiwe izigidigidi ezingama-20 zee-legislative kwi-Georgia, eNew Jersey nakwamanye amazwe. Yayifuna ukukhulula imithetho ekhusele ababoleki ekuthathweni kwemali engabinakho ukuthenga. U-Ameriquest waxelwa ukukhwabanisa.
U-Ameriquest wayengaye. Amabhanki amaninzi ayebandakanyeka ekujongeni iinzame. Ezi ziquka i-Citigroup, kwilizwe lonke, kunye ne-Mortgage Bankers Association. Ukukhwabanisa kuthetha ukuba iinkampani zokubolekisa izinto zininzi ngaphezu kokunyanzela okanye ukunyaniseka, zazingekho mthethweni.
Bobabini babegxilwe kwiindawo zokuhlala ezimbi. Kodwa i-subprime mortgage crisis yabe ikhutshwe ngokusetyenziswa kweemveliso ezingekho mthethweni. Amabhanki asetyenzise ukubaluleka kwemali-mboleko yokudala umkhiqizo omtsha obizwa ngokuba ngumkhuseleko wenkxaso-mboleko . Yathengisa i-derived to investors. Oko kwanika imali ukuxhasa imali entsha.
Ngokukhawuleza iBhanki yafumanisa ukuba ingenza imali engaphezulu kwii-derivatives kunokuba ihlawulwe phantsi.
Bathengisa izixhobo ezininzi ezifunekayo zokufumana iimali zokuhlala. Banciphisa imilinganiselo yabo yokubolekisa ukugcina ukubonelelwa kwemali.
Zonke zahamba kakuhle kwaze kwaba yilapho amaxabiso asekhaya awa. Xa oko kwenzeka, ixabiso leemveliso eziye zanyuka. Ngokukhawuleza, wonke umntu wayefuna ukukhulula iziphumo zabo.
Kwakuchaphazela i-hedge funds, iimali zempesheni kunye nemali-mali. Iziganeko ezichaziweyo zajika i-subprime crisis in-crisis-wide financial crisis .
URhulumente wezepolisi waphawula amawaka amathathu kwizoqoqosho ukuze kugcinwe inkqubo yebhanki . Oko kwakuquka iphakheji ye-$ 700 yezigidigidi ezivunyelwe yiNgqungquthela ngo-2008, i-$ 200 yezigidigidi ze- Federal Reserve ezazisetyenziselwa ukukhwela i- Bear Stearns kunye ne- AIG , kunye ne-$ 150 yezigidigidi zeSebe leNondyebo ezithatha ukuthatha uFannie Mae noFreddie Mac .
Ixesha elide loLawulo lweNkcitho
Ngomnyaka we-1997, enye yeentengo ezinkulu zehlabathi zentambo zaphela. Ityala imali kwilizwe langaphandle. Baye banqamuka xa abatyali-mali bexhatshazwa kwaye batshintshile izinto kwiibhondi zeeNondyebo . I-LTCM yayinezigidi ezingama-126 ezizigidi kwii-asethi. Amabhanki akhankanya emva kokuba uSihlalo we-Federal Reserve u-Alan Greenspan ephihlile ingalo.
Ingxaki yokuLondoloza kunye neNgxowa-mboleko
Inkcazo yokuLondoloza kunye neNgxowa-mali Iingqungquthela ezi-5 ze-US, ezaziwa ngokuba yiCheating Five, zaphandwa yiKomiti yezoBulungisa yeSenate yokuziphatha kakubi. Babemkele i-$ 1.5 yezigidi kwiminikelo yokukhankanya evela kuCharles Keating, intloko yeLincoln Savings kunye neMboleko yoMbutho. Baye bafaka uxinzelelo kwiBhodi yeBhanki yeBhanki yaseBhanki yasekhaya, owayephanda imisebenzi eyenziwa yicala-mthetho eLincoln.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980, iibhanki ezingaphezu kwe-1 000 zahluleka ngenxa yeCrisis Savings and Loan Crisis. Iindleko ezipheleleyo zokulungisa ingxaki yayiyi-153 yezigidigidi zeebhiliyoni, ukuwela nje kwibhakethi kufaniswa neengxaki ze-2008. Kule nto, umrhafi werhafu wayekho kwi-hook ye $ 124 yezigidi. Esikhundleni sokuthatha ubuni kwiibhanki, imali yayisetyenziselwa ukuvalela, ukuhlawula i- inshurensi ye - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation kunye nokuhlawula amanye amatyala. Kule nto, ixabiso lokuhlawula irhafu laliyi $ 124 billion.
Ukudakumba okukhulu kowe-1929
Ngaphezulu kweentsuku ezine ze- stock market crash ka-1929 , imarike yemasheya yawa ngama-25 ekhulwini. Ngelo xesha, iirekhodi ezingama-30 zeebhiliyoni zexabiso lemarike zalahleka. Oku kuxabisa i-$ 396 yezigidigidi namhlanje.
Kwiinyanga ezilishumi ezizayo, iibhanki ezingama-744 zahluleka. Njengoko abafakizicelo begijimayo ukuba bathathe imali yabo, iibhanki ezininzi zahluleka. Kwakungabikho i-FDIC yokukhwela iifomethi.
Kwiminyaka emithathu nje, i-$ 140 yezigidigidi zalahleka (ii-2.3 zama-trillion namhlanje).
Ukukhubazeka kwemakethe yemasheya kunye nokungaphumeleli kweebhanki akuzona izinto ezimbi kakhulu malunga nokuPhukisa . I-Federal Reserve iphakanyise amaxabiso omdla , ezama ukukhusela umgangatho wegolide . Ngenxa yoko, ixabiso legolide liye landa njengoko abatyalo-mali bebaleka emakethe yemasheya kunye neentlawulo eziphathwe ngemali ngexabiso layo kwigolide.
Ngokunyusa amaxabiso, i-Fed yanciphisa umnotho. Ngenxa yoko, amabhizinisi avaliwe. Ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kwenyuka kuma-25 ekhulwini, umvuzo wehla ngamaphesenti angama-42, kwaye umkhiqizo owenziwe ekhaya wawunqunywe kwisiqingatha. Kuthatha iminyaka elishumi kunye nokuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ngaphambi kokuba uqoqosho lubuyele ezinyaweni zalo.