Inkcazo yezeMali ka-2009: Inkcazo, ixesha elifanelekileyo, i-Bailouts

by Kimberly Amadeo

Indlela abaye bayigcina ngayo iMadly

Kwabaninzi baseMelika, ubunzima bezemali bunzima kakhulu ngo-2009. Ngo-Matshi, imakethi yemasheya yanciphisa ngakumbi, abatshabi bezocima-mali abacinga ukuba bekuninzi kakhulu. Ukuhlaselwa kwangaphambili, nangona iiprogram zikaRhulumente ezazenzekanga ngokwaneleyo. Ngo-Oktobha, izinga lokungabikho kwemisebenzi lenyuke kwi-10% okokuqala ngqa ukususela ngo-1982.

Ulawulo lwe-Obama luchukumise i-$ 787 yezigidi zezigidi ezidala imisebenzi, kwaye ukukhula koqoqosho kwiphepha eliguquguqukayo liphakathi kwonyaka. Ngokwenene, iRest Recession yayiphelile. Enyanisweni, umonakalo wawunzulu kakhulu kangangokuba kuthatha iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba uzive ngathi izinto zihamba ngcono. Kwabaninzi, abahlala bengasebenzi, balahlekelwa amakhaya abo kunye nokunyaniseka kwemali, okanye baphoqelelwa ukuthatha imisebenzi kumvuzo ophantsi kakhulu, izinto zanda kakhulu. Ukufumana izizathu kunye neziganeko zangaphambili, khangela iNgcembelelo yezeMali ka-2007 kunye neNkqubela yeMali ka-2008 Isihlandlo .

01 kuJanuwari

NgoJanuwari 12 - Amabhanki abika ukulahlekelwa ngaphezu kwe-$ 1 trillion ukususela ekuqaleni kweCrisis Mortgage Crisis ngonyaka ka-2007. Wabanyanzelisa ukuba bafike nge-$ 946 yezigidigidi kwiinkunzi eziza kutshabalalisa ilahleko. Ngenxa yoko, iibhanki ezikhethiweyo zemali. Ezi zibandakanya iibhiliyoni ezingama-350 ezifunyenwe kwi-Treasury yase-United States njengenxalenye yeBhanking Bank .

02 kuFebruwari

NgoFebruwari 13 - I-Congress ivume i-$ 787 ye-Economic Stimulus Package eqaliswe nguMongameli uBarack Obama. Yandisa ukukhula koqoqosho ngokunika iirhafu ezingama-288 zeebhilidi kwizicucu zerhafu, i-$ 224 yezigidigidi kwiingeniso zengqesho, kunye ne-$ 275 yezigidigidi zezinto "zokulungiswa kwefosholo". Kwakhona kwakubandakanya iitaliti zerhafu yee-2 500 zekholeji, i-$ 8,000 yerhafu yengxowa yabathengi bokuqala ekhaya, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwentela yokuthengisa kwintengiso entsha. Lo Mthetho wandisa inzuzo yokungabikho kwemisebenzi kunye nokumiswa kweerhafu kwezo zibonelelo ngo-2009. Kamva, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-FY 2011 longeze i-$ 64 yezigidigidi ukunyusa amanqaku amaninzi. Kwakuqulethe amanqaku amanqaku aphambili akhuthazwa ngu-Obama kwiqonga lakhe lomkhankaso . Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu, jonga i- ARRA .

NgoFebruwari 18 - Obama wachaza isicwangciso se-$ 75 yezigidigidi zokunceda ukuyeka ukuvalwa. I- Initiative Stability Initiative (i-HSI) yenzelwe ukunceda abanini-mhlaba abanamalungu angama-7 ukuya ku-9 baphephe ukuchithwa nokulungiswa okanye ukuhlaziywa kwemali yabo. ngaphambi kokuba bafike emva kweentlawulo zabo. Uninzi lweebhanki aluyi kuvumela ukuguqulwa kwemboleko kuze kuhlawulwe umboleki. Inika i-$ 1000-ngonyaka-ntlawulo yenkokhelo yabboleki abahlalayo ngoku. Ihlawulwe kwii- TARP iimali.

NgoFebhuwari 27 - Ingxelo yokugqibela ye- BEA ihlaziye izinga layo lokukhula kweGDP le- US kwi-Q4 2008 ukuya ku-6.3%. (Oku kwakubi ngaphezu kwehla loku-6.1% elalibikwe kwingxelo yayo yokuqala, kodwa ingcono kunokuba i-8.1% iyancipha.) Kwakuyinto ephucuka kakhulu ukusuka ngo-Q1 1982 xa i-GDP yawa ku-6.4%. I dollar eqinile kunye nokunciphisa ihlabathi ngokunciphisa amazwe angaphandle. Ukwehla kwemali e-United States kwabangela ukuba imfuno yasekhaya idibanise. Ukukhula koqoqosho kulo lonke u-2008 bekuyi-1.1%. (Umthombo: GDP News Release)

03 Matshi

Ngo-Matshi 5 - I- Dow iwele kwi-6,594.44 ukuhla kwehla kwe-53.4% ukusuka kwiphondo layo elingaphandle kwe-14,164.43 ngo-Oktobha 9, 2007. Oku kwakubi ngaphezu kweyiphi imakethe yebhebhe ukususela kwi- Depression Great of 1929 . Ngaphezulu, bona iMbali yokuVala kaDow.

04 Epreli

Inkqubo yokwenza iiNdlu eziHlanganisiweyo ziyinkqubo eyenziwe ngu-Obama Administration ukunceda abanini bezindlu ukuba baphephe ukuchithwa. I-HARP ( Inkqubo yokuHlaziya iRaffordable Affinable Programme ) enye yeenkqubo zayo. Yenzelwe ukuvuselela imarike yezindlu ngokuvumela abantu abayizigidi ezi-2 abanamalungelo abo-mboleko abaye bahlaselwa emakhaya abo ukuze bahlaziywe, basebenzise amathuba okuhlawula imali . Ngelishwa, iibhanki zazingcipheko kakhulu-zithintela ukunceda abo abanesitokethi esingaphantsi kwe-stellar. Esikhundleni saloo nto, bafuna ukukhetha abafakizicelo. Ulawulo luka-Obama lwalungeza i-HARP ngo-Apreli 2009. Emva kweminyaka emibili, kuphela aba-810,00 abaninikhaya abancedwa. Ngaphezu kwe-90% yayingaphantsi kwama-5%.

05 Agasti

Ukukhusela kwangaphambili kwaqhubeka ukunyuka, ukuthemba ukunyuka kwezoqoqosho. Amabhanki ayenokuthintela ukugqithiswa kwangaphambili ngokuguqula iimali-mboleko. Oku kwakuya kubangalisa umgca wabo, kodwa ukurekhodwa kwangaphambili - 360,149 ngoJulayi - kwenza izinto zibe zibi nakakhulu. Isantya sokungena kweJulayi sasiyiyona ephezulu ukusuka kwi-RealtyTrac yaqala ukugcina irekhodi ngo-2005. Kwakuyi-32% ephezulu kune-2008.

Amabhanki acinga ukuba kunenzuzo kakhulu ukubeka ingqungquthela kwindlu ngaphandle kokulungiswa kwemali mboleko, ngokwezinye i-analysts zoshishino. Ukuhlaselwa kwangaphambili kwaqhubeka ukunyuka xa i-mortgages yezinga eliguquguqukayo ifike ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu.

Ingaphezulu kwesiqingatha (57%) yezibhengezo zangaphambili zivela kwizinto ezine kuphela: i-Arizona, eCalifornia, eFlorida, ne-Nevada. Ibhanki yaseCalifornia yamisa amasebe abo okuqaqalala, elindele ukulahlekelwa kwekhaya eliphezulu.

Ulawulo luka-Obama lucele iibhanki ukuba zilungele ngokuzithandela ukuguqulwa kwemali mboleko ngo-Novemba 1. Inkqubo yokwenza iPhaya ehambelanayo yenze okungaphezulu kwama-630,000 ukulungiswa kwemboleko. Abanye abahlalutyi bathi amabhanki alinde amanani ezindlu ukuphucula ngaphambi kokuba enze ukulungiswa kwemboleko kwiingathemba abayi kulahlekelwa yinzuzo eninzi.

06 Oktobha

Isantya sokungabikho kwemisebenzi senyuke kwi-10.0% ngo-Oktobha 2009 , eyona nto ibona ukusukela ngo-1982. Imisebenzi engama-6 yezigidi yayilahlekile kwiinyanga ezili-12 ngaphambi kokuba. Umqeshi wongeze abasebenzi basexeshana, baqaphele ngokubhekiselele koqoqosho ukuongeza abasebenzi bexesha elizeleyo. Nangona kunjalo, iindawo zokunakekelwa kwempilo kunye nemfundo zaqhubeka zanda. Oku kwenzeka ngokugqithiseleyo, njengokuba abantu bahlala besabela ekungabikho kwemisebenzi ngokugula kwixinzelelo okanye ukubuyela esikolweni ukufumana isakhono esitsha.

Okwangoku, ingxelo ye-Federal Reserve yabonisa ukuba ukubolekwa kwaba phantsi kwe-15% ukusuka kwiibhanki ezinkulu ezine ezizweni: iBhanki yaseMelika, i-JPMorgan Chase, i-Citigroup kunye ne-Wells Fargo. Ukususela ngo-Apreli no-Oktobha 2009, ezi bhanki zanciphisa imali yabo yorhwebo kunye neyorhwebo ngama-dollar ayi-100, ngokutsho kweSebe leSebe lezeMali. Imali kumashishini amancinci yawa ngama-4%, okanye i-$ 7 billion, ngexesha elifanayo.

Ukuboleka kuzo zonke iibhanki ezibonisiweyo zibonise ukuba inani leemali-mboleko zenzeke ngo-9% phakathi ko-Oktobha 2008 nakwi-Oktobha 2009. Kodwa ibhalansi ehlawulwayo yonke imali ebolekwe imali ikhuphuke ngo-5%. Oku kuthetha ukuba iibhanki zenze iibhanti ezinkulu kubamkeli abambalwa.

Kutheni ibhanki ibolekisa? Izizathu ezahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeke kubani othethayo. Iibhanki zithi kukho abambalwa ababolekayo abanokubonga ngenxa yokunciphisa imali. Amashishini athi amabhanki agxininise imilinganiselo yabo yokuboleka. Ukuba ubhekise kwiinyanga ezili-18 zokungeniswa kwangaphambili kwipayipi, kubonakala ngathi iibhanki zibeka imali ekulungiseni ukubhalwa kwexesha elizayo. Kwakhona babehleli kwi $ 1.1 trillion kwiinkxaso karhulumente.

IBhanki yaseMelika ithembise uMongameli Obama iya kwandisa ukuboleka kwamashishini amancinci naphakathi kwama-R5 billion ngonyaka ka-2010. Kodwa emva koko baye bahlawula i-21% (i-58% yezigidigidi) ngo-2009.

07 Kutheni Ungavumeli Iibhanki Ziye Zilahleke?

Kwakukho umsindo omkhulu malunga neerandi ezingama-350 ezimalunga neerhafu eziye zazisetyenziselwa ukukhwela ibhanki. Abantu abaninzi babecinga ukuba akukho ngongamela. Nangona iibhanki zisetyenzisileyo imali yeebhonasi ezilawulayo, kwaye akufanele zihlangulwe ngenxa yokwenza izigqibo ezimbi ngokusekelwe kwimakaro. Ingxabano iya kuthi, ukuba sasiyeke nje ukuba iibhanki zingene phantsi, ixabiso elingenanto liyakubhalwa. Ezinye iinkampani ziza kuthengisa izinto ezifanelekileyo kwaye uqoqosho luya kuba namandla ngakumbi ngenxa yoko. Ngamanye amagama, vumela u-capitalist enze into yakhe.

Yilokho uNobhala WezeMva-mva uHank Paulson uzame ukukwenza noLehman Brothers. Isiphumo sasiyi-market market. Yakha i- run in cash money market-ephephile . Eyesongelo ukuvala ukuhamba kwemali kuwo onke amashishini, amakhulu kunye amancinci. Ngamanye amazwi, imakethi yamahhala ayinakuyicombulula ingxaki ngaphandle koncedo lukaRhulumente. Enyanisweni, ezininzi iimali zikaRhulumente zazisetyenziselwa ukudala iimpahla ezavumela ukuba ibhanki ibhale phantsi nge- $ 1 trillion ngokulahlekelwa .

Iziphumo ezili-08 ukususela ngo-2009

Umthetho osayilwayo wayeka ukukhwabaniswa kwebhanki yebhanki, yavumela amaxabiso e-LIBOR ukuba abuyele kwizinto eziqhelekileyo, kwaye wenza ukuba wonke umntu athole iimboleko. Ngaphandle kwemakethi yekhredithi esebenzayo, amashishini akakwazi ukufumana umxhesho abayidingayo ukuqhuba umsebenzi wabo wosuku. Ngaphandle koyilo-mthetho, bekungeke kwenzeke ukuba abantu bafumane izicelo zokuthenga izikolo zemali ezivunyelwe ukuhlawulwa kwemali kunye nemali-mboleko yemoto. Kwiiveki ezimbalwa, ukungabikho kwemali kuya kubangela ukuvalwa kwamashishini amancinci , ongenako ukufumana iindleko eziphezulu. Kwakhona, abo abanomyinge wokuhlawula imali baza kubuyiselwa imali yokubolekisa imali. Oku bekuya kubangela ukugqithiswa kwangaphambili. Ukubuyiswa Okukhulu kwakuya kuba yinto yokudakumba kwehlabathi. Ukufumana okungakumbi, jonga ukuba indlela yokuThuthukiswa kokuchaphazelekayo ikuchaphazele njani .

Ngomhla ka-Agasti 21, 2014, iBhanki yaseMelika yavuma ukuhlawula iSebe lezoBulungisa lase-US eli-16.6 yezigidigidi zeebhiliyoni, indawo ephakamileyo kunazo zonke kwimbali yase-US. Ukuhlaliswa kwakuquka i-$ 9.6 yezigidigidi zeeRandi kunye neebhiliyoni ezi-7 kwizibonelelo zabantu abasemva kwemali yabo yokuhlala.

Ibhanki kufuneka ihlawule ngokubambisa izinto ezinobungozi ezixhaswe ngempahla ezithengiswa yilizwe lonke kunye ne-Merrill Lynch. I-BofA yabathenga ngo-2008, iyalondoloza kwaye iqinisa inkqubo yezemali yase-US ngexesha leengxaki zebhanki . Ilizwe lonke lalingumnye wabanikezeli bentengo enkulu. UMerrill Lynch wayeyi-bhanki yolawulo lobutyebi.

Ezi zinto zifunyenwe ukuba zincede iBhanki yaseMelika ibe bhetele kwiimarike xa ukuphela kwemali kuphela. Ingcamango yayiza kwenza ukuba ibhanki ibe yintlupheko kwaye ikhuphisane. Kunoko, ukungaqiniseki phezu kwabo abaza kuhlawula izikolo ezimbi ezixhomekeke kwi-BofA ukususela ngoko. Ukongeza, i-Bhanki ikhokhe ngaphezu kwama-$ 50 billion kwizigwebo malunga neminyaka.

Olu lungiso lwalukhulu kunabo bahlawulwa yiCitigroup (iibhiliyoni ezingama-7 ngoJulayi) kunye ne-JPMorgan Chase (iibhiliyoni ezingama-13 ngo-Novemba 2013). (Umthombo: i-Politico, i-Bank of America ihlawula i-17 Billion, ngo-Agasti 7, 2014;