Uqoqosho lwe-US

Usebenza njani ngoqoqosho lwe-US?

I-United States yaseMelika imanyano yama-50 aseMntla Melika. Imali yayo esemthethweni yi- dollar yase - US . I-United States ngowona -wesithathu uqoqosho jikelele . Ngo-2015, i- China yaba yinto ephezulu yezoqoqosho kunye neYurophu Yowesibini . Nangona kunjalo, uqoqosho lwase-US lusenamandla .

I-United States inezoqoqosho ezixubekileyo . Oko kuthetha ukuba isebenza njengentengo yamahishini ehlawulekayo kwimpahla yabathengi kunye neenkonzo zoshishino, kodwa isebenza njengongqongqo wezoqoqosho kwiinkqubo zokhuseleko, iinkqubo zomhlalaphantsi, iinkalo ezininzi zonyango, kunye nezinye iindawo.

Umgaqo-siseko wase-US wadala kwaye ngoku ukhusela uqoqosho oluxubekileyo lwaseMelika.

Ukulinganisa uqoqosho lwe-US

Indlela efanelekileyo yokuqikelela ubuninzi boqoqosho lwe-US inomkhiqizo owenziwe ekhaya , okanye i-GDP. Leyo nyathelo yonke into eyenziwa eUnited States, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yenziwe ngabantu base-US kunye neenkampani okanye abantu basemzini. Musa ukudibanisa neengeniso ezipheleleyo zelizwe , nto leyo eyenziwa ngabemi base-US kunye neenkampani, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziphi ihlabathi.

Kukho iindlela ezintathu ezibalulekileyo zeGDP. I-GDP yegama lomyinge ngumlinganiselo oyintloko. Inika umfanekiso onyaka. Oko kuthetha ukuba ithetha ukuba ingaba yintoni eyokwenziwa ngayo kunyaka ukuba uqoqosho luqhubeka luhamba ngezinga elifanayo. I-GDP yangempela yenza okufanayo kodwa isusa imiphumo yokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Abachumi bawasebenzisa ukuthelekisa iGDP ngexesha. Intlawulo yokukhula kweGDP isebenzisa i-GDP yangempela ukuvelisa ukukhula ngokuthelekiswa nekota yokugqibela okanye kunyaka ophelileyo.

Kukho iingxenye ezine zeGDP . Inkcitho yebathengi i-70 ekhulwini yebonke. Iquka i-sub-components yeempahla kunye neenkonzo.

Kwizinto eziphathekayo zizinto ezizinzileyo , njengeemoto, kunye nempahla engahambelaniyo, njengepetroli. Kwiinkonzo zibhanki kunye nokunakekelwa kwempilo. IiNkonzo ziqhuba ama-50 ekhulwini loqoqosho ngelixa iimpahla ziqhuba iipesenti ezingama-20.

Inkcitho kaRhulumente yinkalo yesibini enkulu, iqhuba iipesenti ezili-18 ze-GDP. Oku kubandakanya inkcitho yelizwe yokukhusela , iintlawulo zeNtlalo kunye nokunakekelwa kwempilo. Ikwabandakanya uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali noluntu.

Utyalo-mali lugqithiso. Iquka iipesenti ezili-16 zeGDP. Kubandakanya ukuveliswa , ukuveliswa kwezindlu kunye nepropathi yengqondo.

Icandelo lesine yi-export export. Ezi zinto zithunyelwa ngaphandle , ezongeza ukwanda koqoqosho lwentlanga, kunye nokungeniswa kwezinto , ezikhupha kuyo.

I-United States inesiphelo sezorhwebo , oko kuthetha ukuba ithengisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezithumela ngaphandle. I-exporting enkulu enkulu ioli . Kwakhona kubaluleke kakhulu ukungenisa.

Usebenza njani ngoqoqosho lwe-US?

Ngaba uye wakha wathi kuwe, "Usebenza njani ngoqoqosho lwase-US?" Ngexesha loqoqosho , ungase ucinge "Akukho nto!" Unokufunda indlela yokuqikelela ukulandelwa kwemali elandelayo ngokuqonda izinto ezintathu ezichaphazela uqoqosho. Ziyimithetho yonikezelo kunye nemfuno, umjikelo webhishini kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ezi zinto zintathu zichaphazela omnye nomnye.

Unikezo nemfuno

Ukubonelela kunye nokufunwa kuthatha ixabiso, umvuzo kunye nemali yemveliso ekhoyo. Umthetho wokubonelela kunye nokufunwa uthe ukubonelela kuya kuphakama okanye kuwele ukuhlangabezana namanqanaba emfuno malunga nexesha. Ngethuba elifutshane, ukuba imfuno ikhuphuka kwaye ukubonelela akukwazi ukufumana, ke amaxabiso aya kuphakama. Imfuno ephezulu yemveliso iya kuqhuba umvuzo wabasebenzi abangenza loo mveliso.

Ukubonelelwa kwenziwe ngemibandela emine yokuvelisa . Ziyabasebenzi , usomashishini, iimpahla ezinkulu kunye nemithombo yendalo .

Umsebenzi ngumntu owenza izinto ezibonakalayo kwiimveliso ezigqityiweyo kunye neenkonzo. Ilinganiswa ngabasebenzi. Imithombo yendalo iquka ioli, umhlaba kunye namanzi. Ixabiso leoli liquka iipesenti ezingama-70 zeendleko zegesi .

Imfuno ngumnqweno womthengi wokuba nenzuzo okanye inkonzo. Kuphela kuphela ukunyanzelwa komthengi ukuzimisela ukuhlawula intlawulo enikezelwayo.

Ixesha loShishino

Uqoqosho luqine. Ukunyuka nokuwa kwayo kuxhomekeke kumjikelezo wezoshishino . Umjikelezo unezigaba ezine. Kwisigaba sokwandisa , uqoqosho lukhula. Ukuba ikhula ngezinga elifanelekileyo lama-2-3 ekhulwini, uqoqosho lungahlala kwisigaba sokwandisa iminyaka. Kodwa xa ingena kwisigaba sokungahlali ngokungahambi kakuhle, kudala ibhola le-asethi . Leyo yigaba yesibini ebizwa ngokuba yi-peak.

Emva koko ungena kumbambano. Yilapho izinga lokukhula kweGDP liguquka kwaye uqoqosho luyingenelo. Ukungaphumeleli kwemisebenzi . Fumana izizathu zokungabikho kwemali .

Xa umnqophiso wezoqoqosho iminyaka, kuthiwa yixinzelelo . Funda umehluko phakathi kokunciphisa nokudakumba .

Ngaphantsi kwe-recession yinkcazo. Uqoqosho luya kungena kwisigaba esitsha sokwandisa. Khangela apho sikukho kumjikelezo wezoshishino .

Ixabiso lentengo kunye nokuSetyenziswa

Imingenelo yile enye inkulu ngamandla kwezoqoqosho. Yimfuneko xa umfuno omkhulu kunanikezelo kunye namanani akhuphuka. Kwenzeka kwisigaba sephambili somjikelezo wezoshishino. Ngaphezulu, jonga njani Impembelelo Yomngcipheko wam Ubomi?

Imithatho yemali kunzima kakhulu ukukhupha. Xa kwenzeka, abantu baqala ukulindela amaxabiso aphezulu. Kungenxa yokuba baya kuthenga kwangoku phambi kokuba amanani akhuphuke ngaphezulu kwixesha elizayo. Oku kwandisa ngakumbi. Enye imbangela yokunyuka kwamaxabiso yenyuka kwimali .

Ukuchaswa kukuchasene. Iyenzeka xa amaxabiso awela. Oko kwenzeka kwakhona kwiimpahla, ezifana nezindleko zezindlu kunye neefotfoliyo zamasitoreji. Oko kudala ukuphazamiseka kwempahla kunye neengxaki zemali. Kwenzeka ngexesha lesigaba sokuqhawulwa komjikelo. Fumana indlela yokuchonga nokuzikhusela kwiinkxalabo ezilandelayo zoqoqosho .

Iimpembelelo zikaRhulumente

Urhulumente wase-US ufuna ukukhusela ukunyuka kwemali kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso.

Ukungabikho kwemisebenzi enkulu kunye nokunyuka kwexabiso kwamanani okuphela komsebenzi wezobupolitika kwintando yesininzi. Kodwa kunzima kumnotho weemarike. Urhulumente unokuba nefuthe kuphela, kungekhona ukulawula, le mibutho emithathu. Ngokomyalelo woqoqosho, urhulumente ubeka amaxabiso kunye nokubonelela. Nangona kunjalo, urhulumente unamathuluzi amaninzi okuchaphazela uqoqosho lwe-US.

Umgaqo-mali

Amagosa abakhethiweyo anamathuluzi amaninzi kumgaqo-nkqubo wezemali. Okokuqala, unempembelelo yebhajethi yee-4 triliyoni zebhilidi . Iingama-20 ze-19 trillion yeeRandi. Isixa semali sakha ukukhula apho kusetshenziswe khona. Ichaphazela amabhizinisi enza imisebenzi.

Uninzi lwalo luya kwiindleko ezintathu ezinkulu: Iinkonzo zokhuseleko lwezeNtlalo, ukusetyenziswa kwezempi kunye ne-Medicare. Esi sizathu esinye sokuba imboni yononophelo yonyango inxalenye enkulu kwezoqoqosho. Funda kabanzi malunga neendleko zokunyuka kwezempilo .

Yonke ingeniso ekugqibeleni ivela kwingeniso yakho yengeniso kwimali yakho engenayo. Kubalulekile ukuba ukwazi ukuba usetyenziswe njani.

UMongameli uqala inkqubo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali ngonyaka kodwa kuphela iCongress inegunya lokuchitha. Ngokomzekelo, iPhakamusi ye-Economic Stimulus Package kaMongameli we- Obama yayingcamango yakhe, kodwa ayikwazi ukuhamba naphi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kweCongress.

Kodwa imali iphela. Xa ikwahlula ingeniso, idala ukulahleka kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali . Ukulahleka komnyaka ngamnye kufakwe kwi-matyala . Ityala le-US lijikeleze i-$ 20 trillion. Oku kungaphezulu kokuveliswa kwayo kwezoqoqosho. I-statistic echaza eli li -rate-to-GDP ratio .

Esinye isixhobo sikarhulumente ngumgaqo-yorhwebo. Ichaphazela iindleko zokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle ngokulawula izivumelwano zorhwebo namanye amazwe. Ezi zivumelwano, njenge- NAFTA , zifuna ukunciphisa iindleko zorhwebo kunye nokwandisa i-GDP ye-US. Phakathi kuka-1993 no-2015, iUnited States ilandelwa ngokuphindwe kathathu ukuya eMexico naseKhanada ngenxa yo-NAFTA .

I-United States ilandela ezinye izivumelwano zorhwebo kunye nezithili . Inkulu kakhulu iTransatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership ne-European Union. Ukuba ivunyiwe, iya kuba kwisivumelwano esikhulu sezorhwebo emhlabeni jikelele.

Umgaqo-mali

I-Congress nayo yakha i- Federal Reserve System . Yona ibhanki ephakathi . Isebenzisa umgaqo-mali wokulawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Injongo yaso yesibini kukukhuthaza uqoqosho. Kukwahlawulwa kwakhona ngokusebenza ngokukhawuleza kwenkqubo yebhanki. Ngenxa yoko, ezininzi iingcali zibiza uSihlalo we-Federal Reserve umntu onamandla kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Kukho ezimbini iintlobo zomgaqo-nkqubo wezemali. Umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali owandisiweyo uphuthukisa ukukhula nokunciphisa ukungasebenzi. Yenza ukuba xa ihlawula umlinganiselo wenzalo okanye yongeza isikweletu kwiibhanki ukuboleka. Oku kwandisa imali eMelika.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali olwahlukeneyo ulwa nomlinganiselo wokunyuka kwamaxabiso kwaye unciphisa ukukhula. Ukwenza oku, i-Fed iphakamisa inzala okanye inokususa imali kwiibhanki zamabhanki. Oku kunciphisa imali yokubonelela ngemali.

I-Fed iye inezixhobo ezininzi zemigaqo-mali . Isixhobo sazo esaziwa kakhulu sisona semali esondliwe . IKomiti ye- Federal Open Market ikwenza ukuba utshintshe amazinga omdla. Ibuye ishintshe imali ebhanki ekhoyo ukuze iboleke ngemisebenzi yemarike evulekileyo . Ilungisa ukunikezelwa kwemali ukulawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nenani lokungasebenzi.

Ezi zixhobo zilawula indlela amaxabiso enzala achaphazela ngayo uqoqosho . Thelekisa ixabiso lemali elikhoyo langoku kwiimali ezixhaswa ngemali .

I-Fed ineminye imisebenzi emithathu. Ilawula kwaye ilawula ezininzi zeebhanki zesizwe. Igcina ukuzinza kwemarike yemali kwaye isebenza nzima ukukhusela ingxaki. Inika iinkonzo zebhanki kwezinye iibhanki, urhulumente wase-US kunye namabhanki angaphandle.

Iimpawu Zoshishino

Kukho enye impembelelo enkulu engeyona inxalenye karhulumente. Yiyo iimarike zemali kwiWall Street. Ukunyuswa kweemarike zezemali kwalahla umnotho kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu ukususela kwiNkcitho yokuPhukisa . Oku kwenzeka ntoni? Kwaqala ngeemveliso ezifunekayo ukuba ziqiniseke ngokuchasene neefomathi zangaphantsi. Ukufuna iimveliso eziqingqiweyo kwakunzima kangangokuba phantse ukunyanzeliswa ngabatshorensi njengamaqela aseMelika ngamazwe ukuba angagqibekanga. Ephosa iWall Street ibe yintlanzi eyasasazeka kwihlabathi. Ukufumana okungakumbi, jonga njani ii-Derivatives zenze iCrisis Crisis?

Iibhloko zokwakha zi-stock and stock investment . Ziyingozi kunezibophelelo. Ikhuselekileyo yizobophelelo zeNondyebo . Iingozi kakhulu zibophelelo ezingenangxaki . Unako ukutyalomali kuyo nayiphi na imali .

Abanini-mali abaninzi abatyebi bavumela i- hedge funds ukuba batyala imali. Abanye bafuna ukubuyela kwiindawo ezinobungozi kunye nezivumelwano zexesha elizayo. Yingakho abaninzi bebambana ngemimiselo engaphezulu kwiWall Street .

Imarike yeemveliso inempembelelo engagqitywanga kunye neyemthethweni kwizoqoqosho zase-US. Kungenxa yokuba kukutya, izitya kunye neoli. Abathengisi bempahla batshintsha ixabiso lezinto ozithengayo imihla ngemihla.

Iimarike zashishini lokurhweba kwamanye amazwe zinempembelelo efanayo. Abo bathengisi batshintsha ixabiso le-dollar yase-US kunye neemeko zangaphandle. Okuchaphazela intengo yokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle. Fumana i- euro yangoku kwizinga lokuguqula idola .

Uqoqosho luyenza njani?

Ezi zihlanu zokuqala zibonisa ukuba uqoqosho lwenziwa njani. Bona bajongwa ngokubanzi ngabahlalutyi, Wall Street kunye noorhulumente.

1. I-GDP yaseU.S. iyalinganisa uqoqosho lwekota nganye ngekota. I-Bureau of Analysis yezoqoqosho ihlaziya rhoqo ngenyanga. Nantsi i- GDP ye-US yangoku .
2. I-GDP per capita ikuxelela ukuba ilungu ngalinye labantu base-US linokuzuza njani kwimveliso yezoqoqosho. Ikhutshwa kanye ngonyaka.
3. Ingxelo yengqesho yangoku ikwaxelela ukuba zingaphi imisebenzi eyongeziweyo inyanga nganye. Kuza kubonakalisa nawaphi amashishini abaqeshayo. Ihlaziywa nyangazonke yi-Bureau of Labor Statistics. Nanku umvuzo omncinci wamanje wase-US .
4. Isantya sokungabikho kwemisebenzi sisalathisi sokungena. Oku kuthetha ukuba kulandela iimeko. Kungenxa yokuba abaqashi balinde ukuba uqoqosho luqine ngaphambi kokuqesha. Baye balinde kude kubekho ukunyuka kwemali ngaphambi kokuba baqeshwe abasebenzi. Baya kunqumla zonke iindleko kuqala kokuzama ukulibazisa intlungu. Urhulumente kunye neFom bayawugcina. Bazama ukugcina isantya esondele kwinqanaba lemvelo lokungasebenzi kwabangama-4 ekhulwini.
5. Urhulumente waseUnited States ulinganisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso nomlinganiselo wexabiso labathengi . Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha unikeza ulwazi olulahlekileyo. Kungenxa yokuba imarike yemveliso ikhetha ioli, igesi kunye namaxabiso okutya. Bangakwazi ukukhawuleza baze batyeke ngaphaya kweenyanga. Ngesi sizathu, i-Federal Reserve isebenzisa izinga lokunyuka kwexabiso lentengo kunoko. Oku kungabandakanyi iindleko zamandla kunye nokutya. Nanku izinga lokunyuka kwamaxabiso langoku .

Indlela efanelekileyo yokuchaza kwangaphambili oko uqoqosho oluya kwenza ntoni ngala mahlanu alandelayo athokelo lwezoqoqosho .

1. Ingxelo ye- oda yezinto eziqhubekayo ihlala ikuxelela ukuba zingaphi iilawulithi ezifunyenwe ngabavelisi. Ubuninzi beli lokukhusela kunye neenqwelo-moya zorhwebo kuba zibiza kakhulu. Kwakhona kuquka iimoto. Kwakhona bathatha ixesha elide lokwakha nokuthumela. Xa iinqununu ziphezulu, i-GDP iya kwandisa kwikamva. Imilinganiselo ebalulekileyo kwimpahla ehleliyo yimpahla eninzi . Loo matshini kunye nezixhobo zoshishino zifuna imihla ngemihla. Ziyalela kuphela izinto ezibiza xa ziqinisekile ukuba uqoqosho luya kuphucula .
2. Imisebenzi yokuThengisa ixelela inqanaba lokuzithemba labenzi. Xa ama-oda e-factory akhula, iinkampani zifuna abasebenzi abaninzi ngokukhawuleza. Oko kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba iimpahla ziboniswe kwi-GDP. Ngokufanayo, xa abakhiqizi beqesha abasebenzi abambalwa, kuthetha ukuba uqoqosho lwaluya kuba yindlela. Ukunyuka kokuvelisa kunceda amanye amashishini. Ezi ziquka ukuthutha, ukuthengisa kunye nokulawula.
3. Iimarike zamasitoreji zihlala zixela oko uqoqosho oluya kwenza kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezizayo. Kungenxa yokuba abathengisi be-stock bachitha yonke imini yonke imihla yophando ngemigangatho yezoqoqosho kunye nokusebenza kweshishini. Nantsi iirekhodi zakutshanje zeDow .
4. Iimvume zokukwakha zinike iinyanga ezilisithoba zikhokelela ekwakhiweni kwamakhaya amatsha. Uninzi lwezixeko zikhupha iipemethe ezimbini ukuya kweenyanga ezintathu emva kokuba umthengi asayine isivumelwano esitsha sokuthengiswa kwekhaya .
5. Inzala yenzalo ibonakaliso esibaluleke kakhulu kuba yiyo indlela i-Fed ithonya ngayo ukukhula. Ixabiso lentengo elincinci lenza utywala ngakumbi kumashishini kunye nabathengi. Xa iimali-mboleko zingancinci ikhupha imfuno. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okunyuka kwemali kunciphisa imali yokunikezelwa kwemali. Oku kwenza iimali-mboleko ezibizayo, ukunciphisa imfuno.