Izinzuzo ezifihliweyo ze-NAFTA
1. I-Trade Quadrupled
Phakathi kuka-1993-2017, urhweba phakathi kwamalungu amathathu aphindwe kabili ukusuka kwi-$ 297 billion ukuya kwi-1.17 trillion.
Oku kwandisa ukukhula koqoqosho , inzuzo kunye nemisebenzi kuwo onke amazwe amathathu. Kwaye kwanciphisa amaxabiso kubathengi.
Ngaloo xesha, iUnited States yandise ukuthunyelwa kwayo kweempahla kwezinye ezimbini ukusuka kwii-142 zamawaka ezigidi ukuya kwii-$ 525 zezigidigidi. Ingxenye yesithathu yabathengi bayo bonke. I-Canada (i-$ 282 billion) kunye neMexico (iiRandi ezingama-243 ezigidigidi) zazizimbonakalo ezimbini zokuthengisa ngaphandle kwe-US ngo-2017. Imveliso evela eKhanada (i-$ 300 billion) kunye neMexico (i-$ 314 yezigidigidi) yenyuka ukusuka kwi-151 billion yeebhiliyoni ngo-1993 ibe yi-$ 614 yezigidigidi. Iipesenti ezingama-26 zeemveliso ze-US ezizweni zonke.
I-NAFTA ikhulise ishishini ngokukhupha zonke iintlawulo phakathi kwamazwe amathathu. Kwakhona kwadala izivumelwano kumazwe angaphandle kuma-investors. Oku kunciphisa iindleko zorhwebo. Kwakhona kubangela utyalo-mali kunye nokukhula, ingakumbi kumashishini amancinci.
2. Ihliswa amaxabiso
Ixabiso lentlawulo elincinci linciphisa amaxabiso angeniso . Oku kwaye kwanciphisa umngcipheko wokunyuka kwamaxabiso kwaye kwavumela i- Federal Reserve ukuba igcine inzala engaphantsi.
Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwixabiso leoli ukususela ekungeneni okukhulu kweMelika ioli. I-US yangenisa imali eyi-144.2 yezigidigidi kwioli evela eMexico naseKhanada. Ndiyabulela kwimveliso enkulu yeoli ye-US shale , eli nani liye laphuma kwi-$ 157.8 yezigidigidi ngo-2007. I-NAFTA yanciphise i-US ekuthembekeni kweoli evela eMiddle East naseVenezuela .
Kwakubaluleke ngakumbi xa i-US ivinjelwe ioli ephuma kwi- Iran . Ngoba? EMexico naseKhanada ngamazwe onobungane. Abanye abathengisi beoli, njengeVenezuela ne-Iran, basebenzisa ioli njengecandelo le-chess yezopolitiko. Ngokomzekelo, bobabini baqala ukuthengisa iioli kwiirhafu ngaphandle kwepetrodollar .
I-NAFTA iyanciphisa amaxabiso okutya ngendlela efanayo. Ukutya okungeniswa kwempahla kufikelele kwi-$ 39.4 yezigidigidi ngo-2013, ukususela kwi-$ 28.9 yezigidigidi ngo-2009. Lanciphisa amaxabiso emifuno, ishokoleta, isiqhamo (ngaphandle kwamabhanana) kunye nenkomo.
3. Ukwanda kwezoQoqosho
I-NAFTA ikhulise ukukhula koqoqosho lwe-US ngokumalunga nama-0.5 ekhulwini ngonyaka. Amacandelo awayefumana inzuzo kakhulu kwezolimo, iimoto kunye neenkonzo.
Amafama ase-United States athunyelwa ngaphandle kweKhanada naseMexico akhula ngama-156 ekhulwini. Ukuthelekiswa nokunyusa kwama-65 ekhulwini kumafama angaphandle kwilizwe lonke. Iifama ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwelaseKhanada naseMexico zodwa zikhulu kunokuba zithunyelwa ngaphandle kwiivenkile ezinkulu ezizayo. Iindleko zeefama ezithengiswayo ziyi-$ 39.4 yezigidigidi ngo-2015.
I-NAFTA yanda ukuthunyelwa kweefama kumafama ngenxa yokuba ikhuphe iirhafu eziphezulu zaseMexico. I-Mexico yindawo ephezulu yokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweefama ye-US, ilayisi, isidlo se-soya, i-corner, ama-apula kunye neembotyi. Yiyona yesibini indawo enkulu yokuthumela ngaphandle kwendawo yegesi, i-soybean kunye namafutha.
I-NAFTA ihlaziye imboniselo yemveliso yase-United States ngokuhlanganiswa kwemveliso kunye nokuqhuba iindleko. Uninzi lweemoto ezenziwe eNyakatho Melika ngoku zibe neengcambu ezivela kumanye amazwe amathathu. Ukwanda kwokhuphiswano kukuvumela ukuba ishishini likhusele iimveliso zaseJapan. I-Mexico ithunyelwa ngaphandle kweemoto kwi-United States kuneJapan. Ngaphambi koqoqosho lwama-2008, iJapan yithumela kabini iMexico. Ngo-2020, iMexico iya kuvelisa iipesenti ezingama-25 zazo zonke iimoto zaseMntla-Amerika.
I-NAFTA yakhuthaza ukuthunyelwa kweenkonzo ze-US ukuya eCanada naseMexico ukusuka kwiiRandi eziyi-25 ezigidigidi ngo-1993 ukuya kwi-$ 106.8 yezigidigidi ngonyaka ka-2007. Ukunciphisa umnotho kwiinkonzo zezezimali kunzima, ngoko ke iinkonzo azizange zifumane kwakhona. Ngo-2009, beye bavuka kuphela kwi-63.5 billion. Ngo-2012, iinkonzo zithunyelwa ngaphandle zithunyelwa kwii-88.6 zamawaka ezigidi.
Amaphesenti angama-40 e-US GDP yiinkonzo, njengeenkonzo zezezimali kunye nophuhliso lwempilo.
I-NAFTA iphelisa izithintelo zorhwebo kwiinkalo ezininzi zenkonzo, ezilawulwayo. I-NAFTA idinga ukuba oorhulumente bapapashe yonke imimiselo, banciphise iindleko ezifihliweyo zokuqhuba ishishini.
4. Yakha imisebenzi
I-NAFTA i-export export yakha imisebenzi emihlanu emitsha yase-US. Uninzi lwawo msebenzi luya kumazwe angama-17, kodwa zonke iindibano zazibona ezinye zanda. Abakhiqizi base-United States bongezelele imisebenzi engaphezu kwama-800 000 phakathi kuka-1993 no-1997. Kungenxa yokuba abenzi benzi bathengisa ama-$ 487 yezigidigidi ngo-2014.
Ngaphandle kokungeniswa kwezinto ezivela kubambiswano be-NAFTA benza imisebenzi. Kungenxa yokuba phantse ama-40 ekhulwini aseMelika aseMexico avela kwiinkampani zaseMelika. Bakhele imveliso ngaphakathi ekhaya, emva koko baxhamle inxalenye yenkqubo eMexico. Ngaphandle kwe-NAFTA, babeya kuTshayina. Akunakunikwa nhlobo. (Umthombo: "NAFTA, iminyaka engama-20 kamva," Ulwazi @ Wharton, ngoFebruwari 19, 2014.)
5. Ukwandiswa koTyalo-mali lwangaphandle
Ekubeni i-NAFTA isetyenziswe, utyalo-mali lwangaphandle lwangaphandle lwase -Canada eCanada naseMexico liphindwe kathathu. Kwafika i-$ 452 yezigidigidi ngo-2012 (iifom zikhoyo zakutsha). Oku kwandisa inzuzo kuma shishini ase-US ngokubanika amathuba amaninzi okuphuhlisa, kunye neemarike ukuba zihlolisise.
I-Canada kunye ne-Mexican FDI e-United States ikhule ibe ngama-240.2 billion, ukusuka kwi-219.2 yezigidigidi ngo-2007.
I-NAFTA ikhusele ipropati yengqondo. Yanceda amashishini amashishini ngokudambisa. Yandisa i-FDI kuba iinkampani ziyazi ukuba umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe uya kulondoloza amalungelo abo. I-NAFTA inciphisa umngcipheko wabatyalimi ngokuqinisekisa ukuba baya kuba namalungelo afanayo omthetho njengabatyalomali basemakhaya. Ngokusebenzisa i-NAFTA, abatyali-mali bangenza izibango zomthetho malunga noorhulumente ukuba ihlawulela ishishini labo okanye ithatha impahla yabo ngegama eliphezulu.
6. Ulwabiwo-mali oNcitshiswayo
I-NAFTA yavumela amafama kumazwe angamalungu ukuba athengise kuzo zonke izivumelwano zombuso. Odala indawo yokudlala inqanaba kuzo zonke iinkampani ngaphakathi kwemida yomvumelwano. Ukunciphisa ulwabiwo-mali loorhulumente ngokuvumela ukhuphiswano oluninzi kunye neendleko eziphantsi kweendleko. (Umthombo: " Ukuqulunqwa kwee-NAFTA Benefits ," USTR. "I-NAFTA Inqoba: Ukuvavanya iMinyaka eyiMibini yeNtlawulo," US Chamber of Commerce, Oktobha 27, 2015. "I-Index ye-NAFTA Index," USTR. ")
Ubunzulu-banzi: Iinkcukacha ezifutshane | Iinkonzo kunye neNgcaciso | Ukungalungi | Kuthiwani ukuba iTump ithiyela i-NAFTA? | Imbali kunye nenjongo | U shishino lwaMazwe ngamazwe | Isivumelwano soRhwebi kunye neNgxowa-mali CAFTA | FTAA | GATT