GATT, Injongo Yalo, Imbali, kunye nePros and Cons

by Kimberly Amadeo

Isivumelwano sokuThengiswa koMhlaba weSizwe soMhlaba sasisindise ekudakaleni

Isivumelwano esiphathelene neTariffs kunye neRhwebo yiyesivumelwano sokuthengisa ngokukhululekileyo semhlabeni wonke. Kwakuqala ukususela ngoJuni 30, ngo-1948 ukuya ngoJanuwari 1, 1995. Kwaphela xa kuqhutyelwa yi- World Trade Organization .

Injongo

Injongo yeGATT yayikukuphelisa ukukhuseleka kokurhweba kwezorhwebo . Eye yathumela urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngaphantsi kwama-65 ekhulwini ngexesha loKuPhukisa kweNdlu . Ngokususa iirhafu , i-GATT yakhuthaza urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe .

Yabuyisela impilo yezoqoqosho kwihlabathi emva kokubhujiswa kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

Izibonelelo ezintathu

I-GATT inamalungiselelo amathathu. Imfuneko ebaluleke kakhulu kukuba ilungu ngalinye kufuneka linikeze inqanaba elithandwayo lwakwezinye izizwe . Oko kuthetha ukuba onke amalungu kufuneka aphathwe ngokulinganayo xa kuziwa kwiirhafu. Akubandakanyi iintlawulo ezikhethekileyo phakathi kwamalungu eBritish Commonwealth kunye neemanyano zabasebenzi. Yavumele iirhafu ukuba ukususwa kwabo kubangele ukulimala kakhulu kubavelisi basekhaya.

Okwesibini, isithintelo seGATT esinqatshelwe kwinani lokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle . Ukungafani kwaku:

Xa urhulumente enesininzi semveliso yezolimo.
Ukuba ilizwe lifuna ukukhusela ibhalansi yeentlawulo kuba iindawo zokugcina utshintshi lwangaphandle ziphantsi.
Amazwe aphuhlisayo ayefuna ukukhusela amashishini amasha.

Ukongezelela, amazwe anganciphisa urhwebo ngenxa yezizathu zokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ezi zibandakanya ukukhusela amalungelo abenzi, amalungelo kunye nokuziphatha komphakathi.

Isibonelelo sesithathu songezwa ngo-1965. Kungenxa yokuba amanye amazwe asakhulayo ajoyina i-GATT, kwaye wayefuna ukukhuthaza. Amazwe athuthukileyo avumelaniswe ukuphelisa iintlawulo kwiintengiso zamazwe asakhulayo ukuphucula ezoqoqosho. Kwakhona kwimihlaba enamandla ngakumbi kwiminyaka yonke.

Kungenxa yokuba iya kukwandisa inani labathengi abaphakathi phakathi kwehlabathi.

Imbali

I-GATT ikhulile kwisivumelwano seBretton Woods . Ingqungquthela yaseBretton Woods nayo idale iBhanki yehlabathi kunye ne- International Monetary Fund ukulungiselela ukukhula kwehlabathi.

Esi sihloko sasihamba sasikhokelela kwintlangano yesithathu, nayo. Kwakuza kuba yi-ambitious International Trade Organization. Amazwe angama-50 aqalise iingxoxo afuna ukuba ibe yinkampani ngaphakathi kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo eziza kudala imithetho, kungekhona nje kwizorhwebo, kodwa nakwimisebenzi, izivumelwano zentengiso, izenzo zoshishino, utyalo-mali olwangaphandle kunye neenkonzo. I-charter ye-ITO yavunyelwana ngo-Matshi 1948, kodwa i- Congress ye-US kunye namanye amazwe omthetho awanqwenela ukuyivuma. Ngowe-1950, ulawulo lweTruman lwawunqoba, lwaphela i-ITO.

Ngelo xesha, amazwe angama-15 agxininise ekuxoxeni isivumelwano esilula. Bavumelana ekuqedeni izithintelo zorhwebo ezichaphazela iirhwebo ezili-10 zeebhiliyoni, okanye i-5 yehlabathi lonke. Ngaphantsi kwegama iGATT, amazwe angama-23 atyikitye le ngxelo ngo-Oktobha 30, 1947. Yaqalisa ukusebenza ngoJuni 30, 1948. I-GATT ayifuni imvume yenkomfa. Kungenxa yokuba kwakungumthetho nje phantsi kwemimiselo ye-US Reciprocal Trade Act ka-1934.

Kwakufuneka nje ukuba yenze ixeshana ize i-ITO ithathe indawo yalo.

Kuyo yonke le minyaka, iingxoxo eziqhubekayo kwi-GATT ziyaqhubeka. Injongo ephambili kukunyusa ukunciphisa amaxabiso. Phakathi kwee-1960, i- Kennedy ijikelezi yongezelela isiVumelwano sokuSilawula . I-Tokyo ejikelezayo kwiminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe iphucule ezinye iinkalo zorhwebo. Ujikelezo lwaseUruguay lwaqala ukususela ngo-1986 ukuya ku-1994 lwaza lwadala i-World Trade Organization.

GATT kunye neWTO

I-GATT ihlala nje njengesiseko se-WTO. Isivumelwano se-1947 ngokwawo siyimfuneko. Kodwa, amalungiselelo ayo afakwe kwisivumelwano se-GATT ka-1994. Le nto yenzelwe ukugcina izivumelwano zorhwebo zihamba ngexesha i-WTO isetyenziswe. Emva koko, i-GATT 1994 iyingxenye yesivumelwano se-WTO.

Amazwe eLungu

Amalungu angama-23 e-GATT ase-Australia, eBelgium, eBrazil , eBurma (ngoku iMyanmar), eCanada , eCeylon, eChile, eChina , eCuba, eCzechoslovakia (ngoku eyiCzech Republic naseSlovakia), eFransi, eIndiya , eLebhanon, eLuxembourg, e-Netherlands, eNew Zealand, ENorway, ePakistan, e-Southern Rhodesia (ngoku eyiZimbabwe), eSiriya, eMzantsi Afrika, e-United Kingdom nase-United States.

Ubulungu bwandisiwe kumazwe angama-100 ngo-1993.

Iinkonzo

Iminyaka engama-47, i-GATT iyanciphisa iirhafu. Oku kwandisa intengiso yehlabathi i-8 ekhulwini ngonyaka we-1950s no-1960. Oku kukhawuleza kunokukhula koqoqosho lwehlabathi. Urhwebo lwakhula ukusuka kwii-332 zeebhiliyoni ngonyaka ngo-1970 ukuya kwi-3.7 trillion ngo-1993.

Kubonakala ngathi yimpumelelo kangangokuba amazwe amaninzi ayefuna ukujoyina. Ngama-1995, kukho amalungu angama-128, okwenza okungenani ama-80 ekhulwini wezorhwebo lehlabathi.

Ngokwandisa urhwebo, i-GATT ikhuthaza uxolo lwehlabathi. kwiminyaka eyi-100 ngaphambi kweGATT, inani leemfazwe laliphindwe kabini ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 emva kweGATT. Ngaphambi kweMfazwe yeHlabathi II, ithuba lokusebenzisana kwexesha elide lalingcono kangcono kune-50/50.

Ngokubonisa indlela yokusebenza ngokukhululekileyo, u-GATT uphefumlele ezinye izivumelwano zorhwebo. Ibeka isigaba kwiYurophu yaseYurophu . Ngaphandle kweengxaki ze- EU , kuye kwathintela iimfazwe phakathi kwamalungu ayo.

I-GATT iphinde iphucule umnxibelelwano ngokunika izikhuthazo kumazwe amancinci ukuba afunde isiNgesi, ulwimi lweemarike ezinkulu zabathengi behlabathi. Oku kwamkelwa kolwimi oluqhelekileyo kunciphise ukungaboni kakuhle. Kwakhona kwanika amazwe athile aphuhlisiweyo ithuba lokuncintisana . IsiNgesi sabanika ingqiqo kwilizwe eliphuhlisiwe likcubeko, ukuthengisa kunye neemfuno zemveliso.

Umxhasi

Iirhafu eziphantsi zidiliza amanye amashishini asemakhaya, ancedisa ekungeneni kwemisebenzi kulawo macandelo. Oorhulumente bancedisa amashishini amaninzi ukwenzela ukuba banokukhuphisana ngokubanzi kumhlaba wonke. Ulimo lwase-US kunye ne-EU yimizekelo emikhulu. Ekuqaleni kwee-1970, iimveliso zokugqoka kunye nezambatho zazikhutshwa kwi-GATT. Xa i- Nixon Administration ithatha idoli yase-United States kwimilinganiselo yegolide ngo-1973, yanciphisa inani le dollar ngokuthelekiswa nezinye iirhafu. Oko kwandula kwehlisa intengiso yamazwe ngamazwe ase- US .

Ngama-1980, uhlobo lworhwebo lwehlabathi lwatshintshile. I-GATT ayilungiselelanga urhwebo lweenkonzo. Oko kwabenza bakwazi ukukhula ngaphaya kweliphi na ilizwe elikwazi ukulawula. Ngokomzekelo, iinkonzo zezezimali zaba ngamazwe. Utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo lwabafundi lube luleke ngakumbi. Ngenxa yoko, xa ibhanki yotyalo-mali yase-US iLehman Brothers yawa, yatshitshisa lonke uqoqosho lwehlabathi. Iibhanki eziphambili zikhangela ukusebenzisana okokuqala ngqa ukujongana neengxaki zemali zika - 2008 . Baye banyanzeliswa ukuba banikezele ukuthengiswa kweemarike zentengiso echanekileyo.

Njengazo ezinye izivumelwano zorhwebo zamahhala , i-GATT yanciphisa amalungelo ohlanga ukuze zilawulwe abantu bazo. Isivumelwano sifune ukuba batshintshe imithetho yasekhaya ukuze bafumane inzuzo yezorhwebo. Ngokomzekelo, iIndiya yayivumele iinkampani ukuba zenze iinguqu eziqhelekileyo zamachiza ngaphandle kokuhlawulwa kwemali yelayisenisi. Oku kuncede abantu abaninzi bafumane iyeza. I-GATT ifuna iNdiya ukuba isuse lo mthetho. Oku kwaphakamisa inani leziyobisi ngaphandle kokufikelela kumaNdiya amaninzi.

Izivumelwano zoRhwebo ezifana neGATT zihlala ziphazamisa ubuncinane, ubutyebi bendabuko . Amazwe afana neUnited States ancedisa ukuthengiswa kwezolimo ngaphandle kweefama angenza amafama asekhaya asekuhlaleni. Ayikwazi ukukhuphisana neendleko eziphantsi kweendleko, abalimi bayaya emadolobheni abafuna umsebenzi, ngokuqhelekileyo kwiifekthi ezibekwe ngamaqela ahlukeneyo kazwelonke. Ngokuqhelekileyo ezi zinyuka ziyakwazi ukuthuthela kwamanye amazwe ezinezindleko eziphantsi, zishiye amafama angasebenzi.

Abalimi abahlala bahlala bekhula i-opium, i-coca okanye i-marijuana, ngenxa yokuba abanako ukukhula kwezityalo zendalo kunye nokuhlala kwishishini. Ubundlobongela bezoshishino bangabanyanzelisa ukuba bathabathele ukuze bazikhusele ngokwabo kunye nabantwana babo. (Imithombo: E. Kwan Choi, "Urhwebo kunye neMfazwe yoLwimi: isiTshayina nesiNgesi," iYunivesithi yaseIowa State, ngoSeptemba 2001. "I-CAFTA kunye neCrisis for Migration Crisis," Amehlo eMashishini, Septemba 26, 2014.)