Iintetho zeRhaha yeeRhwebo zeRhaha

Isizathu Esinyanisekileyo sokuba Kutheni

Iintetho zeeDoha zeDoha zazama ukufikelela kwiimvumelwano zorhwebo. Bekuya kuba phakathi kwelungu ngalinye le- World Trade Organization . Yayisungulwa kwiDhaha, intlanganiso ye-Qatar WTO ngoNovemba ka-2001. Injongo yayo yayikugqiba ngoJanuwari 2005, kodwa umhla wokugqibela waxoshwa ngo-2006. Ezi ntetho zagqitywa ngoJuni 2006. Kungenxa yokuba iUnited States neYurophu Umbutho wenqaba ukunciphisa inkxaso-mali .

Inkqubo yeDoha yeenxa zonke yayisithambile. Okokuqala, onke amalungu e-WTO (malunga nawo onke amazwe ehlabathini) athatha inxaxheba. Okwesibini, izigqibo kufuneka zilungiswe ngokuvumelana, ngokuchasene nomgaqo wendima. Oko kuthetha ukuba ilizwe limele lisayine. Okwesithathu, akukho zivumelwano ezingezantsi ze-piecemeal. Oko kuthetha ukuba kukho isivumelwano esipheleleyo okanye akukho nanye. Ngamanye amagama, ngaphandle kokuba lonke ilizwe livumelana nalo lonke i-deal, livaliwe.

Isivumelwano

Injongo yesivumelwano kukukhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho kumazwe asakhulayo. Yayijolise ekunciphiseni ukuxhaswa kweenkxaso-mali zamazwe asekuhlaleni. Oku kuya kuvumela amazwe asakhulayo ukuba athengise ukutya, into ebeyilungele ukuvelisa. Ekuhambeni, amazwe asakhulayo aya kuvula imarike yazo kwiinkonzo, ingakumbi ibhanki . Oku kuya kubonelela ngeemarike ezintsha kumashishini enkonzo aphuhlisiweyo. Kwakhona kuya kuphucula iimarike kumazwe asakhulayo.

Nangona isivumelwano sixoxisana ngamaphuzu angundoqo angama-21, ezi zidibeneyo zingabandakanywa kwiindidi ezi-10 ezilandelayo:

1. Izolimo - Ukunciphisa uxhasomali kwipesenti ezi-2.5 zexabiso lemveliso kumazwe athuthukile. Oko kuza kuba ngama-6.7 ekhulwini kumazwe asakhulayo. Ukunciphisa ixabiso lokuthengiswa kokutya. Ukuphelisa inkxaso yokuthumela ngaphandle.

1. Ukufikelela kweemarike ezingekho kwezolimo - Ukunciphisa ixabiso lokungeniswa kokungeniswa kokutya.
2. Iinkonzo - Cacisa imigaqo nemimiselo kwiinkonzo ezinikezelwe ngamanye amazwe. Amazwe athuthukile afuna ukuthumela iinkonzo zemali, i-telecom, iinkonzo zamandla, ukuveza ukuhanjiswa kweenkonzo kunye nokunikezelwa kweenkonzo. Amazwe athuthukayo afuna ukuthumela ukuvakasha, ukunakekelwa kwempilo kunye nenkonzo yobungcali. Amazwe anako ukugqiba ukuba yiziphi iinkonzo abafuna ukuzenza. Basenokugqiba nokuba banokuvumela ubunini bamanye amazwe.
3. Imigaqo - Qinisekisa imigaqo yokulwa nokulahlwa . Qinisekisa izibambiso ekuchaseni izibonelelo zokuziphindezela ngokumalunga nenkxaso-mali yelizwe. Gxininisa kwiinqanawa zorhwebo, iinqwelo zengingqi, iinqwelo ezinkulu zomhlaba kunye nekotoni. Ukunciphisa inkxaso-mali yokuloba ukunciphisa ukuloba.
4. Intellectual property - Yenza irejista ukulawula ilizwe-lemvelaphi yewayini kunye notywala. Khusela amagama emveliso, njenge-Champagne, iTequila, okanye i-Roquefort, eyaziwayo kuphela ukuba zivela kuloo mmandla. Abavelisi kufuneka baveze ilizwe lemvelaphi yazo nayiphi na impahla ephathekayo.
5. Urhwebo kunye nendalo - Ukulungelelanisa imithetho yezorhwebo kunye nezinye izivumelwano zokukhusela ubutyebi bemvelo kumazwe asakhulayo.
6. Ukuququzelelwa kwezorhwebo - Cacisa kwaye uphucule iintlawulo zenkcubeko, amaxwebhu kunye nemimiselo. Oku kuya kunqumla ulawulo lwentlalo kunye nenkohlakalo kwimigaqo yamasiko. Oku kwaba yinto ebalulekileyo yeTrans-Pacific Partnership .

1. Ulwaphulo olukhethekileyo nolwahlukileyo - Nika unyango olukhethekileyo ukunceda amazwe asathuthukayo. Oku kuquka ixesha elide lokuphumeza izivumelwano. Kudinga ukuba onke amazwe e-WTO alondoloze iimfuno zorhwebo kumazwe asakhulayo. Ikwabonelela ngoncedo lwemali kumazwe athuthukayo ukwakha iziseko ezifunekayo ukulungisa iingxabano kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemigangatho yobugcisa.
2. Ukungqubana kwemibandela - Faka iinkcazo zokulungiswa ngcono kweengxabano zorhwebo.
3. I-e-yorhwebo -Amazwe akayi kubeka imirhumo yerhafu kwiintengiso kwiintanethi okanye iinkonzo.

Kutheni i-Doha Beyathetha Ngokubalulekileyo

Ukuba bekuphumelele, i-Doha yayiya kuphucula ubukhulu boqoqosho kumazwe asakhulayo. Kuye kunciphisa imali ye-rhu lumente kwiinkxaso kumazwe athuthukile, kodwa kwandisa iinkampani zemali.

Mhlawumbi babeza kugxila ekuphuhliseni ezo marike kunokuba bathengise iziphumo. Oku kunokuba kunciphisa ukutshabalaliswa kweengxaki zemali.

Ngelishwa, i-agribusiness-lobbies e-United States kunye ne- European Union ibeka uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko kumthetho-mthetho. Oku kwagqitywa kweengxoxo zeDoha. Ngenxa yoko, izivumelwano zombini zandile. Kulula ukuthetha. Ingaba oku kulungile kumazwe asathuthukayo kuya kuhlala kubonakala.

Ukungaphumeleli kweDoha kuthetha ukuba izivumelwano zorhwebo ezizayo zexesha elizayo nazo ziza kutshabalalisa ukuba ziphumelele ngenxa yezizathu ezifana neDaha. Amashishini ase-EU kunye nee-US zokulima aziyi kuthatha ingozi yokuvumela ukungenisa ukutya okungezantsi kwamanye amazwe ukuba kuthathe nayiphi na isabelo saso semakethe yasekhaya.

Ngokufanayo, amazwe amancinci atshabalalayo aseMarke abone oko i-United States kunye ne-EU yezolimo zenzeke kwizoqoqosho zendawo eMexico ngenxa ye- NAFTA . Oko kuthetha ukuba izivumelwano ezinkulu zorhwebo ezisemsebenzini ziyakwazi ukuphumelela ngaphandle kokuba kukho inqanaba lokudlala kwintsimi kumafama asekuhlaleni.

Oku kuquka ukuThengiswa koRhwebo lweTransatlantic kunye noTyalo-mali , isivumelwano esilindelekileyo phakathi kwe-United States kunye ne-EU. Kuya kuthatha indawo ye-NAFTA njengesivumelwano esikhulu sezorhwebo emhlabeni. Kodwa ibhekene neengxaki ezifana no Doha. UMongameli uTumpump akazange aqhube phambili kwisivumelwano.

I-European zolimo-mveliso ayinakukwazi ukukhuphisana nokuthengwa kokutya okungezantsi kweMelika. Amazwe amabini abhekisana nokuxhathisa kwiingxoxo zokuphelisa ukukhuselwa karhulumente kwiinkampani ezininzi zokutya, ezifana nesiqhelo saseFransi. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo, i-EU iyayinqanda zonke izityalo eziguqulwa ngokwemizimba, inyama kwizilwanyana eziphathwe ngamahomoni okukhula, kunye neenkukhu ezihlanjwe nge-chlorine. Abavelisi bokutya base-United States bathembela kakhulu kuzo zonke iinkqubo ukugcina amaxabiso okutya aphantsi. I-Doha ibonisa ukuba le miqobo inzima, ukuba ayinakwenzeka, ukunqoba.

Kwakhona kubandakanya ukuThengana kweTranspacific. Kwalindeleke phakathi kwe-United States kunye namanye amaqabane angama-11 ahwebayo aphesheya kwe-Pacific Ocean. Ixilongo laxotha iUnited States kuyo. Kuya kuba mkhulu kunama-NAFTA, kodwa kuncinci kuncinci kuneTTIP. Kule mvumelwano, iUnited States neJapane ayifuni ukususa izithintelo zorhwebo kwezoshishino. Urhulumente waseJapan unika inkxaso kakhulu abalimi beerayisi belizwe. Kodwa amanye amazwe angama-11 aqhubela phambili kunye nesivumelwano.

Kutheni i-Doha Yehlulekile

Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuba iintetho zeDoha zehlile kukuba i-United States kunye ne-EU abazange bazimisele ukunikela inkxaso yabo yezolimo.

Kodwa ezinye iingongoma zokugxila kufuneka zixazululwe ukuba iintetho ziza kuqhubeka kwakhona. Okokuqala, iChina, iIndiya neBrazil kufuneka ixhase ngakumbi iintetho. Kumele ukuba bazimisele ukuthatha inxaxheba kwinxaxheba yobunkokeli enikezelwe kumazwe athuthukile.

Okwesibini, iUnited States, iJapan kunye neChina kufuneka iqonde " iimfazwe zemali " yazo ithumela amazwe angaphandle, njengaseBrazil naseIndiya. Bamele bamkele uxanduva kwaye bangaphathi imigaqo-mali yabo njengemibandela yasekhaya kuphela.

Okwesithathu, i-Doha kufuneka idibanise i-kroti yemigaqo ye-liberal yokuthumela ngaphandle. Oku kwakuza kuhoxisa i-United States nakwamanye amazwe athuthukileyo. Ngaphandle koko, baya kuhamba phambili kunye ne-Trade Trade Agreements.

I-Doha Ifumana Igama Layo

Ngalunye ujikelezo lweentetho zorhwebo libizwa ngegama apho baqala khona. I-Round Doha ibizwa ngokuba ngumzi waseDhaha ezweni laseKatar. Ijikelezo langaphambili libizwa ngokuba yi-Uruguay, eyaqala ePunta del Este eUruguay ngo-1986. Iintetho zaseUruguay zashiya iintlawulo kumazwe athuthukileyo kwimveliso yezolimo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, iintetho zenze isiseko sokwenza i-WTO ngokwayo ngo-1995.

Ekujuleni : Izibonelelo zobulungu be-WTO | Indlela yokuba yiLungu le-WTO | Indlela i-WTO isombulula ngayo iingxabano zorhwebo | GATT, i-Precursor kwi-WTO