Kutheni amanani entengo aphakamileyo
NgoNovemba ka-2017, ulawulo lweTrump lwenze i-20 yeepesenti yemali kwiiCanada ezigidi ezili-10 zeebhanki ze-exporter zangaphandle.
Ithi amanye amaphondo avumele ukuba abathengi baqhewule imithi kumhlaba karhulumente ngamanqanaba aphantsi. Isebe lezorhwebo lase-United States lathi ukulahla kwonakalisa imboni yaseMelika. Isenzo sathumele amanani enkuni kumgangatho ophezulu wama-23.
I-Trump yaqala ukuvakalisa umrhumo ngo-Apreli 2017. Isongelo sanele ukwenzela ukunciphisa ukungenisa kwamatye e-Canadian woodwood. Imirhumo yayiphinde ibuyele kwiintsuku ezingama-90. Iinkampani ezininzi zazingabaza ukuthenga iiplanga ezijongene neepesenti ezingama-20.
ICanada yalwa ngokubongoza abaququzeleli be- NAFTA . Abakhweli baseCanada bathi akukho ncediso engalunganga. Bayayihlawula urhulumente kwiimithi kwaye batyale imithi ukuba ithathe indawo yabo.
Iingenelo ezimbini
Inzuzo ephambili yokulahla ithengisa ngexabiso elincinci lokuncintisana . Izwe lixhasayo ibhishini lokuthumela ukubenza bakwazi ukuthengisa ixabiso eliphantsi.
Ilizwe likulungele ukuthatha ilahleko kwimveliso ukunyusa isabelo sayo semarike kweso shishini.
Kungenza oku ngenxa yokuba ufuna ukudala amathuba kubahlali bayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo isebenzisa ukulahlwa njengento yokuhlaselwa kweli shishini likwamanye amazwe. Ithemba ukubeka abavelisi belizwe ngaphandle kweshishini kwaye babe yi nkokheli yoshishino.
Kukho inzuzo yesikhashana kubathengi kwilizwe eliye lahlaselwa.
Ngethuba nje ngenkxaso-mali iyaqhubeka, ihlawula ixabiso elincinci kuloo mveliso. Ngokomzekelo, iibhokisi eziphantsi kweendleko zaseCanada zigcina amanani amancinane asekhaya aphantsi. Intlawulo ye-20 yeepesenti iya kunyusa amaxabiso kwaye mhlawumbi ityala abantu abathengi basekhaya.
Iintlekele ezintathu
Ingxaki yokulahla kukuba kuyabiza ukugcina. Kungathatha iminyaka yokuthumela izinto ezincinci ukubeka abakhuphiswano ngaphandle kweshishini. Okwangoku, iindleko zenkxaso-mali ziyakongeza kwisikweletu esiphezulu selizwe.
Okwesibini ukungonakali kukubuyisela kumlingane wezorhwebo. Amazwe anganyanzelisa imida yokurhweba kunye neerhafu zokulwa nokulahla.
Inxalenye yesithathu iyatshutshiswa yimibutho yezorhwebo yamazwe ngamazwe. Ezi ziquka i- World Trade Organization kunye ne- European Union .
Ukulahla ukulahla
Izwe likhusela ukulahlwa kwezivumelwano zorhwebo . Ukuba zombini abalingani banamathela kwisivumelwano, banokukhuphisana ngokufanelekileyo kwaye bayiphephe.
Kodwa ukuphulwa kwemithetho yokulahla kunokuba nzima ukubonakalisa nokubiza ukunyanzelisa. Ngokomzekelo, i-NAFTA inika indlela yokuphonononga ukuphulwa kwesivumelwano sokuthengisa. Iphaneli ye-NAFTA iphetha ngokuthi iKhanada yayilahla iibumba. Ngo-2004, yathi iUnited States ayizange ibonise ukuba ukulahlwa kwamanye amazwe kwakunobungozi kumashishini aseMelika.
Kakade ke, izivumelwano zorhwebo alunqande ukulahlwa ngamazwe angaphandle kwezivumelwano.
Yilapho amazwe athatha amanyathelo angaphezulu. Imisebenzi yokulwa nokulahlwa okanye ukuhlawulwa kwemirhumo isusa inzuzo enkulu yokulahla. Izwe liyakongeza umsebenzi ogqityiweyo, okanye irhafu, ngokungeniswa kweempahla eziza kuthathwa ukuba zibandakanyeke ekulahleni.
Ukuba elo lizwe lilungu le-WTO okanye i-EU, kufuneka libonise ukuba ukulahla kwakukho ngaphambi kokubetha imisebenzi. Le mibutho ifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba amazwe awasebenzisi iirhafu zokulwa nokulahla njengendlela yokwehla ekukhuselweni kwezorhwebo .
Indima ye-World Trade Organisation kwi-anti-dumping
Uninzi amazwe ngamalungu e-WTO. AmaLungu angamaLungu ayahambelana nemigaqo ebekwa ngexesha lokuxoxisana kweGATT . Kwakungesivumelwano somsebenzi-jikelele esasiphambi kwe-WTO. Amazwe avuma ukuba abayi kulahla kwaye abayi kubeka inyanzeliso yamanani kwi-shishini elinye okanye ilizwe.
Ngoko ke, ukufakela umsebenzi wokulwa nokulahla, amalungu e-WTO kufuneka abonise ukuba ukulahla kwenzeka.
I-WTO icacile kwingcaciso yayo yokulahla. Okokuqala, ilizwe kufuneka libonakalise ukuba ukulahlwa kwamanye amazwe kwonakalise imboni yalo.
Kufuneka ibonise kwakhona ukuba intengo yokungenisa ukungeniswa ixabiso elingaphantsi kwexabiso langaphakathi lomthengisi. I-WTO icela izibalo ezintathu zeli xabiso:
- Ixabiso kumakethi asekhaya angaphandle.
- Intlawulo ehlawulwe ngumthengisi kwelinye ilizwe.
- Ukubala kusekelwe kwiindleko zokuvelisa umthengisi, ezinye iindleko kunye neengqinamba ezifanelekileyo zokufumana inzuzo.
Ilizwe eliphikisanayo kufuneka likwazi ukubonisa ukuba ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lifanele libe yintoni. Xa zonke ezi zenziwe, ilizwe eliphikisanayo lingenza iirhafu zokulwa nokulahla ngaphandle kokuphula isivumelwano se-GATT yezohwebo.
Ngokomzekelo, imbambano yaseCanada ephikisanayo iye yaqhubeka ukususela ngowe-1982. Ngo-2004, i-WTO inqume ukuba iUnited States yahluleka ukubonakalisa ukungeniswa kwempahla yaseCanada yangcolisa imboni yaseMelika.
I-EU ne-Anti-Dumping
I-EU ikhuthaza amanyathelo okulwa nokulahla ngedonga lezoqoqosho, iKhomishini yaseYurophu. Ukuba ilizwe ilungu likhalaza ngokulahlwa yilizwe elingelona ilungu kwi-EU, ngoko i-EC yenza uphando lweenyanga ezili-15. Njenga-WTO, i-EC kufuneka ifumane ukuba ukulimala kwezinto ezibonakalayo kwenzeke kwishishini.
Ngokungafani ne-WTO, i-EC ayichazi ngokucacileyo ukulahla ngokusetyenziswa kwefomula ukuqinisekisa ukuba ixabiso liphantsi kuneemakethe zaso. I-EC kufuneka ifumane ezinye iimeko ngaphambi kokuba ibeke imisebenzi. Okokuqala, kufuneka ufumane ukuba ukulahlwa yimbangela yengozi yezinto eziphathekayo. Okwesibini, kufuneka ifumene ukuba izigwebo aziphambani nentsingiselo ebalulekileyo ye-EU yonke.
Ukuba uthe wafunyanwa unetyala, umthengisi anganceda ukulungisa imeko ngokuvuma ukuthengisa ngexabiso elincinci. Ukuba i-EC ayifumkeli ukunikezelwa, inokumisela imisebenzi yokulahla. Ezi zinokuthi zibe ngolu hlobo lweerhafu zerhafu , umsebenzi othile othile okanye umgangatho osisiseko.