Iindlela ezi-3 i-WTO igcina ixabiso lakho eliphantsi
Okwesibini, kulungisa iingxabano zorhwebo. Uninzi lweengxabano zenzeka xa ilungu elinye limela elinye lokulahla .
Yilapho ithengisa impahla kwixabiso elincinci kuneendleko zokuyivelisa. Abasebenzi be-WTO baphando, kwaye ukuba kukho ukuphulwa, i-WTO iya kuhlawulisa izigwebo.
Okwesithathu, lilawula iingxoxo eziqhubekayo kwezivumelwano zorhwebo ezintsha. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yayiya kuba yiDhaha ngo-2006. Oku bekuya kunciphisa urhwebo phakathi kwamalungu onke. Ugxininise ukukhula okwandayo kumazwe asakhulayo.
Ukususela ngoko, amazwe axoxisane nezivumelwano zorhwebo. Ezi zibini zikhulu:
- Ulwalamano lweTrans-Pacific oluxhumanisa iUnited States. kunye namanye amazwe angama-11 anqamle i-Pacific Ocean. Iquka iJapan, u-Australia kunye neChile, kodwa ingabandakanyi iChina ne-Russia. Ngomnyaka we-2017, uMongameli uTrump washiya iUnited States kwi-TPP. Kodwa amanye amazwe aya phambili kunye nesivumelwano sabo.
- I-Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership idibanisa ezimbini kwezoqoqosho, i-United States kunye neYurophu. Ukuba ngaba yimpumelelo, yayiza kuba neentengiso ezine-ntlanzi phakathi kwazo kwiidola ezigidi ezintathu. UMongameli uTumpump akazange aqhube phambili nangentetho.
Iphakheji yaseNairobi
Impumelelo yale mikhakha ivuselele imizamo ye-WTO malunga nemicimbi yawo onke amalungu ayo. NgoDisemba 19, 2015, i-WTO ithathe amanyathelo okunceda amalungu ayo ahluphekayo. Amalungu avumile ukuphelisa inkxaso-mali yokuthumela ngaphandle kwezolimo. Amazwe athuthukileyo azakwenza ngokukhawuleza, iimarike ezikhulayo ziya kwenza njalo ngo-2018, kwaye iintlanga ezihlwempuzekileyo ziya kuba nexesha elide.
Amazwe ancedisa amashishini abo okulima asebenzisa amafama angamazwe angaphantsi kophuhliso. Xa kusayinwe iintengiso zorhwebo, abalimi basekuhlaleni basuswa kwi shishini. Oko kwenzeka eMexico emva kwe- NAFTA .
Amalungu oorhulumente avunyelwe ukugcina ukutya xa kunendlala. Lo mbandela weza ngenxa yokuba iIndiya yenqabile ukuyeka inkqubo yayo yokukhusela ukutya. I-Indiya ifuna ukuqhubeka ihlawula amafama ayo ngaphezulu kwamanani entengiso ukwenzela ukuba ithengise ukutya kwabasweleyo. Bavuma ukufumana isisombululo ngo-2017. Iinkqubo zokukhusela ukutya ziphulaphula isivumelwano sobulungu se-WTO.
Iingcali ezinkulu zezobuchwepheshe zeteknoloji zavuma ukuphelisa iintlawulo kwiimveliso ze-IT ezingama-201 ezixabiswa ngaphezu kwe-1.3 trillion ngonyaka. Isinyathelo esilandelayo kukusebenza kwishedyuli (Umthombo: "Iphakheji yaseNairobi," i-WTO.)
Bali Package
NgoDisemba wesi-7, ngo-2013, iingxoxo ze-WTO zagqiba umhlangano weentsuku ezine e-Bali, e-Indonesia. Bavuma ukuhlaziya amasiko abo bonke amalungu. Emva kokuqinisekiswa, iphakheji ye-Bali izongeza i-$ 1 trillion kwi-world trade kunye nokudala imisebenzi yezigidi eziyi-18. (Umthombo: "I-WTO Pact ivuselela uRhwebo lweRhafu," IXESHA, uDisemba 9, 2013.)
Nazi izicwangciso zintlanu.
- Ulungelelwano lwezorhwebo - Ukunciphisa iinkqubo zedolophu ukwenzela ukukhawulezisa ukuthumela. Ukunciphisa i-bureaucracy kunye nenkohlakalo. Cacisa imigaqo yeempahla ezithunyelwa ngamachweba ngamanye amazwe. I-WTO iya kunceda amazwe asathuthukayo ahlaziye ubugcisa babo kunye namagosa amasiko oqeqesho.
- Uphuhliso - Amazwe okuphuhlisa amaGrant ukufikelela okukhulu kwiimarike eziphuhlisiweyo.
- Ukukhuselwa kokutya - Ukuvumela amahlwempu okwexeshana ukuba afake ukutya okuninzi njengoko kudingeke ukuba bafumane indlala. Fumana isisombululo sesikhathi eside ukuze la mazwe angayisebenzisi kakubi umkhuba kwaye alahlekise intengo yexabiso lentengiso yokutya.
- Iikoton - ii-quotas kwii-cotton zangaphandle (ngamazwe athuthukileyo) ziya kususwa kunye kunye nenkxaso enzulu (kumazwe athengisa iivenkile). Isixa esithile senkxaso-mali sathethathethwano ngexesha leNtshonalanga yeNairobi.
- EzoLimo - Ukunciphisa uxhasomali lwamazwe angaphandle kunye nemimiselo yokurhweba.
Iphakheji ye-Bali ifakwe kwi-Protocol yoLungu loMbutho we-WTO. Amalungu angaphezu kwama-50 avumile. Akukho ndawo ifuphi neyesibini kwizinto ezifunekayo.
Umlando weWTO
Imvelaphi ye-WTO yaqalisa ngokuxoxisana kwezorhwebo emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
Ngomnyaka we-1948, isiVumelwano esiPhezulu malunga neTyala kunye noRhwebi kugxile ekunciphiseni amanani, ukuchithwa kokulahla, kunye namanyathelo angabhalwanga. Ukususela ngo-1986 ukuya ku-1994 i-Uruguay Round round of negotiations yabangela ukudaliswa ngokusemthethweni kwe-WTO.
Ngo-1997, i-WTO yaphula izivumelwano ezikhuthaza ukuthengiswa kweenkonzo zonxibelelwano kumazwe angama-69. Kwakhona kwasusa iintlawulo kwiimveliso zetheknoloji yolwazi phakathi kwamalungu angama-40. Kuphuculwe urhwebo lwebhanki, i-inshorensi, i-securities kunye nolwazi lwezemali phakathi kwamazwe angama-70.
I-Round Doha yaqala ngo-2000. Ijolise ekuphuculeni urhwebo kwezolimo kunye neenkonzo. Yandisa ukuba iquka amazwe athengayo athengayo kwiNgqungquthela yesine ye-WTO kwiNgqungquthela yaseDoha, eKatar, ngoNovemba 2001. Ngelishwa, iintetho zeDoha zawa e-Cancun, eMexico, ngowama-2003. Inzame yesibini yahluleka ngo-2008 e-Geneva, eSwitzerland. (Umthombo: "Imbali," i-WTO.)