5 Iinkonzo kunye ne-4 Intsebenziswano kwiimvumelwano zeNtengiso ezinkulu kakhulu zehlabathi
Olu hlobo olubanzi lubenza lube lukhulu kunezinye iintlobo zezivumelwano zorhwebo xa onke amaqela asayina. Izivumelwano ezihambelanayo zilula ukuthetha kodwa ziphela phakathi kwamazwe amabini.
Azinalo impembelelo enkulu ekukhuleni koqoqosho njengoko kukho isivumelwano semibandela.
Izibonelelo ezinhlanu
Izivumelwano ezininzi zenza ukuba bonke abatyikityiweyo baphathane ngokufanayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba akukho lizwe elinokunika amashishini angcono ekuthengiseni kwelinye ilizwe kunokuba lenze omnye. Amanqanaba omdlalo wokudlala. Kubaluleke ngakumbi kumazwe athengisa amazwe athengisa . Abaninzi babo bancinci ngobukhulu, benza ukuba bancintisane. Isimo esithandwa kakhulu kwisizwe sinika iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokuthengisa isizwe esinokufumana kumlingane wezorhwebo. Amazwe aphuhlisayo anenzuzo kakhulu kwiimeko zorhwebo.
Inzuzo yesibini kukuba iyakwandisa urhwebo kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba. Iinkampani zabo zinandipha iintlawulo eziphantsi. Oko kwenza ukuba amazwe angaphandle ahlawule.
Inzuzo yesithathu yimiqathango yemimiselo yorhwebo kubo bonke abalingani bezorhwebo. Iinkampani zigcina iindleko zomthetho njengoko zilandela imithetho efanayo kwilizwe ngalinye.
Inzuzo yesine kukuba amazwe angathethisana neentengiso zorhwebo ngamazwe angaphezu kwelilo xesha.
Izivumelwano zorhwebo zifumana inkqubo yokuvunywa ngokubanzi.
Uninzi amazwe angathanda ukufumana isivumelwane esisodwa esigunyazisiweyo esihlanganisa amazwe amaninzi ngokukhawuleza.
Inzuzo yesihlanu isebenza kwiimarike ezikhulayo. Izivumelwano zorhwebo ngokubambisana zivame ukuthanda ilizwe ngezoqoqosho. Oko kubeka isizwe esibuthakathaka kwindawo engathandekiyo.
Kodwa ukwenza iimarike ezikhulayo kunamandla kunceda umnotho ophuhlisiweyo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Njengoko ezo marike ezikhulayo ziphuhliswa, udidi lwabantu abaphakathi luya kwanda. Oko kudala amakhasimende amancinci kumntu wonke.
Iingxaki ezine
Iyona nto inzima kakhulu kwiimvumelwano ezininzi kukuba ziyinkimbinkimbi. Oku kwenza ukuba kunzima kwaye kusetshenziswe ixesha ukuthetha. Ngamanye amaxesha ubude bentetho kuthetha ukuba ayiyi kwenzeka.
Okwesibini, iinkcukacha zentetho zizodwa kwiintengiso kunye nezoshishino. Oko kuthetha ukuba uluntu luvame ukungaqondi kakuhle. Ngenxa yoko, bafumana uninzi lwe-press, i-controversy, kunye nemibhikisho.
Isithintelo sesithathu siqhelekileyo nasiphi na isivumelwano somsebenzi. Ezinye iinkampani kunye nemimandla yelizwe iyaxhalaba xa imida yokurhweba iphela. Amashishini amancinci awanakho ukukhuphisana namazwe amaninzi amakhulu. Bavame ukubeka abasebenzi ukuba banciphise iindleko. Abanye bathumela amafektri abo kumazwe anomgangatho ophantsi wokuphila. Ukuba indawo yayixhomekeke kuloo shishini, yayiza kuba nezinga eliphezulu lokungasebenzi. Oko kwenza izivumelwano ezininzi zingathandeki.
U mzekelo
Ezinye izivumelwano zorhwebo zengingqi zihlukeneyo. Inkulu kakhulu yiSivumelwano seNtengiso yeNkululeko yaseMntla-Amerika eyagunyazisiwe ngoJanuwari 1, 1994.
I-NAFTA iphakathi kwe-United States, Canada kunye neMexico .
Yandisa urhwebo lweepesenti ezingama-300 phakathi kokuqala kwayo no-2009. Kodwa uMongameli uDonald Trump wayesongela ukurhoxisa kwi-NAFTA. Ukuba iTump ilahla i-NAFTA , iKhanada neMexico ziza kuphinda ziphendukele kwisivumelwano somhlaba-ntengiso esenza imirhumo ephezulu. Umthamo wokuthunyelwa kwelaseKhanada naseMexico uya kuncipha kwaye amaxabiso okungeniswa kwamanye amazwe aya kuvela.
Isivumelwano saseRentral American-Dominican Republic Free Trade wasayinwa ngomhla we-Agasti 5, 2004. I-CAFTA ichithe iirhafu ezingaphezu kwama-80 ekhulwini kumazwe angama-6 amazwe. Ezi ziquka iKosta Rica, iRiphabliki yaseRominican, iGuatemala, iHonduras, iNicaragua kunye ne-El Salvador. Ngo-2013, kwandiswe ukuhweba ngamaphesenti angama-71 okanye i-$ 60 billion.
Ubambiswano lweTranspacific lube lukhulu kune- NAFTA .
Ingxoxo yagqitywa ngo-Oktobha 4, 2015. Emva kokuba ngumongameli, uDonald Trump wasuka kwisivumelwano. Uthembisa ukuba uzakuyifaka esikhundleni sesivumelwano . I-TPP yayiphakathi kwe-United States kunye namanye amazwe angama-11 anqamle i-Pacific Ocean. Kuza kususa iirhafu kunye nezenzo eziqhelekileyo zoshishino.
Zonke izivumelwano zokurhweba kwihlabathi jikelele ziyahlukeneyo. Oyona uphumelele kakhulu yiSivumelwano esiPhezulu ngokuRhweba kunye neeRhafu. Amazwe alikhulu elinamanci mahlanu anesithathu asayina i-GATT ngo-1947. Injongo yalo kukunciphisa iirhafu kunye nezinye izithintelo zorhwebo.
NgoSeptemba 1986, i-Uruguay Round yaqala ePunta del Este, eUruguay. Ijolise ekukhuliseni izivumelwano zorhwebo kwiindawo ezininzi ezintsha. Ezi zibandakanya iinkonzo kunye nepropathi yolwazi. Kwakhona kuphuculwe urhwebo kwezolimo kunye neengubo. Ngomhla we-15 uEpreli 1994, oorhulumente abathathi-nxaxheba abangu-123 basayina isivumelwano eMarrakesh, eMorocco. Odala i- World Trade Organization . Kucinga ukuba ulawulo lweengxoxo zehlabathi ezizayo kwihlabathi elizayo.
Iprojekthi yokuqala ye-WTO yayiyi- Doha malunga nezivumelwano zorhwebo ngo-2001. Yiyo isivumelwano semibutho yamanyeneyo phakathi kwama-149 amalungu e-WTO. Amazwe athuthukayo aya kuvumela ukungeniswa kweenkonzo zezimali, ingakumbi ibhanki . Ngokwenza njalo, kuya kufuneka ukuba i-modernize iimarike zabo. Ngokubuyisela, amazwe athuthukile aya kunciphisa inkxaso-mali yefama. Oku kuya kukhulisa ukukhula kwamazwe asakhulayo ayenokuvelisa ukutya. Kodwa i-lobbies yasefama eUnited States kunye neYurophu yaseYurophu yayimisa. Babenqaba ukuvuma ukufumana inkxaso-mali okanye ukuncuma ukuncintisana kwamanye amazwe. I-WTO yashiye i-Doha ngeJuni ngo-2006.
NgoDisemba 7, 2013, abameleli be-WTO bavumelana nenkokhelo ebizwa ngokuthi iBali. Wonke amazwe avumile ukuhlaziya imigangatho yamasiko kunye nokunciphisa iteksi ebomvu ukukhawulezisa ukuhamba kwezorhwebo. Ukhuseleko lokutya luyinkinga. I-India ifuna ukuncedisa ukutya ukuze ikwazi ukuyihambisa xa ilala indlala. Amanye amazwe akhathazeka ukuba iIndiya inokulahla ukutya okuncinci kwiimarike zehlabathi ukufumana isabelo semarike.