Iimvumelwano zoRhwebo eziNcinci
Ukungenisa iimpahla kunye neenkonzo eziveliswa kwelizwe langaphandle kwaye kuthengwa ngabahlali basekhaya. Oku kuquka nantoni na ethunyelwe kweli lizwe nangona lixhaswa ngelizwe langaphandle.
Ukuba umboleki ungaphakathi kwemida yelizwe kwaye umnikezeli ungaphandle, ngoko ke into enhle okanye inkonzo yongenisa.
Ukuthunyelwa kweemveliso ziyimpahla kunye neenkonzo ezenziwe kwilizwe kwaye zithengiswa ngaphandle kwemida yayo. Oku kuquka nantoni na ethunyelwe kwiinkampani zangaphakathi kwiinkampani zayo zangaphandle okanye isebe.
Iintlobo ezintathu zeeMvumelwano zoRhwebo
Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zeemvumelwano zorhwebo. Iyokuqala isivumelwano sorhwebo esisodwa . Kuyenzeka xa ilizwe libeka izithintelo zorhwebo kwaye akukho lizwe eliphindaphindiweyo.
Izwe liyakwazi ukukhenxisa imimiselo yezorhwebo ngokuhambisani, kodwa loo nto inqabile. Kuya kufaka ilizwe likhuphiswano. I-United States kunye namanye amazwe athuthukileyo kuphela akwenza oku njengoluhlobo lwangaphandle lwangaphandle. Bafuna ukunceda iimarike ezikhulayo ziqinisa amashishini athile. Icandelo lasemzini lincinci kakhulu ukuba libe yingozi. Inceda umnotho-mali okhulayo, ukudala iimarike ezitsha ze-exporters zase-US.
Izivumelwano zorhwebo zentsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe amabini. Amazwe omabini avuma ukukhulula izithintelo zorhwebo ukuze wandise amathuba oshishino phakathi kwabo. Zithintela iirhafu kwaye zinike iimeko zorhwebo ezikhethiweyo. Ikhonkco lokubamba iqela lihlala liziko kumaziko aphambili akhuselekileyo okanye axhaswayo asekhaya.
Kwamazwe amaninzi, la ma-automobile, i-oyile okanye i-industrial production production. I-United States inezivumelwano ezili-16 zomhlaba. Ulawulo luka-Obama lwaluxubusha isivumelwano esikhulu sehlabathi. Kwakuyintsebenziswano yeTransatlantic Trade and Investment ne- European Union .
Izivumelwano zorhwebo ezininzi zinzima kakhulu ukuxoxisana. Ezi ziphakathi kwamazwe amathathu okanye ngaphezulu. Ininzi enkulu yabathathi-nxaxheba, kunzima kakhulu ukuxoxisana. Ziyinkimbinkimbi, kuba ilizwe ngalinye linemfuno zalo kunye nezicelo.
Xa sele uthethathethwano, izivumelwano ezininzi zinamandla kakhulu. Zihlanganisa indawo enkulu yeendawo. Oko kunika inzuzo enkulu yokukhuphisana kwabasayina. Wonke amazwe anika omnye nomnye ubukhulu bobuzwe obuhle. Bavuma ukuphatha omnye ngokulinganayo.
Isivumelwano esikhulu semibutho yamanyeneyo isivumelwano seNorth American Trade Trade Agreement . Kuphakathi kwe-United States, Canada kunye neMexico. Ukuveliswa kwezoqoqosho ezidibeneyo yi-$ 20 trillion. I-NAFTA idityaniswe ne-$ 1.14 trillion ngo-2015 kodwa ixabisa phakathi kwama-500 000 ukuya kuma-750,000 eMelika. Uninzi lwasemashishini okwenziwa eCalifornia, eNew York, eMichigan naseTexas. Ukufumana okunye, jonga iiProgram kunye neNgxowa-melwano yezivumelwano zoRhwebo .
I-United States inomnye umnqophiso wezorhwebo wesithili . I-United States yaxoxisana ne- Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement . Kwakunjalo neCosta Rica, iRiphablikhi yaseRwanda, iGuatemala, iHonduras, iNicaragua kunye ne-El Salvador. Iphelile ixabiso lentengo engaphezu kwama-80 ekhulwini kumazwe angaphandle aseMelika.
Ububambiswano beTrans-Pacific buya kuthatha indawo ye-NAFTA njengesivumelwano esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ngomnyaka we-2017, uMongameli uTumpump washiya iMelika kuye.
I ziphumo
Kukho izibonelelo kunye neengxaki kwizivumelwano zorhwebo. Ngokususa iirhafu, zithengisa amanani entengo. Abathengi bancedo. Kodwa amanye amashishini asekhaya ahlupheka. Akunako ukukhuphisana namazwe anemilinganiselo yokuphila engaphantsi. Ngenxa yoko, banokuphuma kwishishini kunye nabasebenzi babo behlupheka. Izivumelwano zorhwebo zihlala ziphoqelela ukuhweba phakathi kweenkampani kunye nabathengi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amanye amashishini asekhaya azuza. Bafumana iimarike ezintsha kwiimveliso zabo ezihlawulelwayo. Lawo mashishini akhula kwaye aqeshe abasebenzi abaninzi.
Indima ye-WTO kwiimvumelwano zoRhwebo
Xa izivumelwano zihambela ngaphaya kwinqanaba lezithili, zidla zifuna uncedo. I- World Trade Organisation ihamba ngelo xesha Kulo mzimba wamazwe ngamazwe onceda unxibelelwano neemvumelwano zorhwebo zehlabathi. Ngesinye indawo, i-WTO iqinisekisa izivumelwano kwaye iphendule izikhalazo.
I-WTO ngoku iqinisekisa iSivumelwano esiPhezulu kwiTariffs kunye noRhwebi . Ihlabathi liphantse lafumana urhwebo olukhululekile kwi-round round, eyaziwa ngokuba yi- Doha Round Trade Trade Agreement . Ukuba ngaba yimpumelelo, i-Doha yayiya kunciphisa iirhafu kwibhodi kuwo wonke amalungu e-WTO.
Ngelishwa, ezoqoqosho zimbini ezinamandla zinqabile ukukhahlela kwinqanaba lokubamba iqhosha. Bobabini iUnited States kunye ne-EU banqabile ukunciphisa inkxaso-mali yefama. Ezi ncediso zenze ukuba amazwe angaphandle athengise amaxabiso angaphantsi kwamaxabiso amaninzi kumazwe athengisayo . Amanani okutya aphantsi ayeza kufaka amafama amaninzi asekuhlaleni. Xa oko kwenzeka, kufuneka bafune imisebenzi kwimimandla edolophini eninzi. I-US kunye ne-EU ukwenqaba ukunciphisa i-subsidy idibene neDoha. Yayiva ehlangothini lweemvumelwano zorhwebo ezininzi zehlabathi elizayo.
Ukungaphumeleli kweDhaha kuvumelekile i- China ukuba ifumane ukuthengiswa kwehlabathi jikelele. Isayine izivumelwano zorhwebo kunye namazwe amaninzi e-Afrika, e-Asia naseLatin America. Iinkampani zaseTshayina zifumana amalungelo okuphuhlisa ioli yelizwe kunye nezinye izinto . Ukubuyisela, i-China inika inkxaso-mboleko kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa okanye ishishini,