Kutheni iirhafu ziphakamisa amaxabiso
Iirhafu nazo zibizwa ngokuba ngamasiko, ukungenisa imisebenzi, okanye iintlawulo zokungenisa. Bangakwazi ukuhlawulwa kumazwe angaphandle , kodwa oko akunqabile.
Ngokomyinge, iirhafu zi malunga neepesenti ezingama-5. Amazwe ahlawula iirhafu ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kumashishini awakhuselayo. Baphinde bahlawule iintlawulo zentengiso, irhafu yendawo, kunye neerhafu zamasiko. Oorhulumente baqokelela oku ngexesha lokukhutshwa kwamasiko.
Amazwe ahlawula iintlawulo xa zinezivumelwano zokuthengisa ngokukhululeka. I-United States ineemvumelwano zorhwebo ngamazwe angaphezu kwama-20. Amashishini aseMelika e-Smart ajolise ukuthunyelwa kwawo kumazwe angaphandle. Basebenzisa izivumelwano zorhwebo ukuqhuba isicwangciso sokungena kwiimarike. Abathengi babo bangaphandle bahlawula ngaphantsi kwe- US ukuthumela ngaphandle ngenxa yokuba bengenayo imali.
Ishedyuli yoThumo oluHlangeneyo ludwelisa iirhafu ezithile kwiintlobo ezingama-99 zaseMelika ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Kubizwa ngokuba "uhambelana" kuba kusekelwe kwiNkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo.
Ivumela amazwe ukuba ahlukanise iimpahla zorhwebo ngokufanayo phakathi kwazo. Inkqubo ichaza izinto ezi-5 300 okanye ezininzi zezinto zokurhweba zehlabathi. I-International Trade Commission ipapasha iShedyuli. I- Congress ye-US ibeka iirhafu.
I-HTS isikhokelo. I-Customs Customs and Border Protection (okanye iofisi yamasiko kwilizwe lasemzini) ligunya lokugqibela elichaza umrhumo.
Nguye kuphela i-agency enokunika iingcebiso zomthetho. Kukunceda ekuqaliseni ukuhlelwa kokungenisa kwakho.
Okuhle nokubi
Abaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo base-US bahamba phambili nangaphandle nokuba iirhafu zilungile okanye akunjalo. Xa ishishini lasekhaya litshitshiswa, licela iCongress ukuba ihlawulise ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe. Inceda elo candelo, kwaye kaninzi ludala imisebenzi eminye. Okuphucula ubomi bomsebenzi, kodwa kuphakamisa amaxabiso angeniso. Iirhafu zisoloko zinyanzelisa i-tradeoff phakathi kwabasebenzi nabathengi.
Enye into engeyona inzuzo yerhafu kukuba amanye amazwe aphindaphinda avumele. Baphakamisa iintlawulo kwiimveliso ezifanayo ukukhusela amashishini abo asekhaya. Oku kukhokelela ekuhlaleni kwezomnotho, njengoko kwenzeni ngexesha lokudakumba okukhulu kowe-1929 .
U mzekelo
Imizekelo elandelayo yeentlawulo zase-US ibonisa ukuba ezi zerhafu zisebenza njani. Zibalaselisa zabo iingenelo kunye nokuphazamiseka kuwo wonke umlando.
Ngomhla ka-1 kuMatshi, ngo-2018, uMongameli uTrump wamemezela ukuba uya kubeka i-25 yeepesenti yentengo kwi-intransport engeniswayo kunye nentlawulo ye-10 e-aluminium. Wenza ukwenza ukongeza imisebenzi yaseMzantsi Afrika. Kodwa umrhumo uya kuphakamisa iindleko zabasebenzisi bezinyithi, njengabakhi bamanzi. Baya kudlula loo nto kubasebenzisi. Umongameli angenza ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kweCongress ukukhusela iimveliso ezingenisekanga.
ISebe lezoRhwebo lixele ukuba ukuxhomekeka kwiinsimbi ezingenisekanga kusongela amandla e-US ukwenza izixhobo. Umrhumo wonakalisa iChina kakhulu. Uqoqosho lwawo luxhomeke kakhulu kwizinto zentsimbi ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Ukuthuthwa kweTrump kuza emva kwenyanga emva kokumisela iintlawulo kunye neengqapheli kwiipaneli zelanga kunye namayeza okuhlamba.
NgoJuni ngo-1930, iTariff yase-Smoot-Hawley yayiphakamise iirhafu eziphezulu kwiindawo zokungenisa ezolimo. Injongo yalo yayikuxhasa abalimi base-US abaye batshabalaliswa yi- Dust Bowl . Amaxabiso okutya okuphakamileyo aphumele amaxabiso aseMelika aphethwe yimiphumo yoLwaphulo Olukhulu . Kwakhona kwaphoqelela amanye amazwe ukuba abuyiselwe ngamanyathelo abo okukhusela . Ngenxa yoko, urhwebo lwehlabathi luye lwawa ngama-65 ekhulwini.
Ngomnyaka we-1922, iCongress yamisa i-Fordney-McCumber Tariff kwiimveliso zangaphandle, ingakumbi kwezolimo.
Abalawuli bezomthetho babephendula ngokukhawuleza kwemveliso yefama. Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I, amafama aseYurophu akakwazanga ukuvelisa. Amanye amazwe atshintshe ukutya kwabo. Xa amafama aseYurophu abuyela kwimveliso, yanda ukubonelelwa kokutya ngaphandle kwemfuno yehlabathi. Njengoko amaxabiso ayehlile, abalimi base-US bakhononda.
Ngo-Apreli 22, ngo-1828, urhulumente wesigqeba wahlawulisa i-Tariff yeenkohliso kwizinto ezininzi ezingeniswa ngaphandle. Yenzelwe ukukhusela abenzi be-Northeast. Kunoko, bubuhlungu eMzantsi. Kungenxa yokuba zenze izinto ezimbini ngokuphakamisa amaxabiso angeniswa ngaphandle. Okokuqala, iindleko zonyuka kwiimpahla ezininzi. Owonakalise iSouth Africangrarian.
Okwesibini, yanciphisa urhwebo kunye neNgilani, umthengi oyiprayimari yaseMzantsi. Xa amabhangi aseBrithani akakwazanga ukukhuphisana nabakhiqizi baseNew England, bathenga ikotoni encinane. Ngenxa yoko, iindleko zaseMzantsi zaphakama, kwaye ingeniso yayo yawa. Yingakho abasemzantsi bathi le ntlawulo yinto enyanyekayo.
Ukuchasiswa kwerhafu yonyula u-Andrew Jackson kumongameli. Washaya uJohan Quincy Adams, owawuvumile. I-Vice-President uJohn Calhoun wabhala iSouth Carolina Exposition and Protest. Yanikezela ilungelo lokuchithisa naluphina umthetho ongu-federal abangawuthandiyo. NgoNovemba ka-1832, iSouth Carolina yaseburhulumenteni isishayamthetho sichaza umrhumo. Isenzo senze inkathazo yomgaqo-siseko ngokubhekiselele kumalungelo omhlaba. Ngomhla kaJanuwari 1833, urhulumente wahlala phantsi. Kodwa ukunyanzelisa kwahlala kuphakamileyo, kwanegalelo ekuqaleni kweMfazwe yoLuntu. (Imithombo: uMartin Kelly, "Intlawulo yeentsizi," UCooCoCo. "Imbali kunye neeNqoloba," iNdlu yaseMelika yabameli.)