Abo Bafundanga Kwi-Smoot-Hawley Baye Bafa Ukuphinda Baphinde
NgoJuni ngo-1930, uSmoot-Hawley wakhulisa iintlawulo zase-US ezisemgangathweni . Injongo yayikuxhasa abalimi base-US abaye batshabalaliswa yi- Dust Bowl .
Esikhundleni sokunceda, kwaphakamisa iintengo zokutya kubantu baseMerika ababethe baxineke kwiNkcitho. Kwakhona kwaphoqelela amanye amazwe ukuba abuyisele iirhafu zabo. Ukunyanzeliswa kweentengiso kwihlabathi jikelele ngama-65 ekhulwini.
I-Smoot-Hawley ibonise indlela ukukhuselwa kwezohwebo eziyingozi ngayo uqoqosho lwehlabathi. Ukususela ngoko, iinkokheli zehlabathi zikhuthaza izivumelwano zorhwebo zamahhala ezikhuthaza ukunyuka kwezorhwebo kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba.
Imbali
IMelika ineempawu ezininzi zoqoqosho lwendabuko ngaphambi kokuPhukisa. Phantse ama-25 ekhulwini lamaMerika babengamafama.
Phakathi kowe-1915 no-1918, amaxabiso okutya aphakama njengoko ihlabathi liphinde lavela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Ukufuna okuphezulu kokutya kwakudalwa ukuhlaziywa kwimihlaba. Ngama-1920, abalimi bathathe ityala lokuxhasa ukukhula nokuhlawula umhlaba. Kodwa njengoko iYurophu ibuyele, amaxabiso okutya abuyele ngokuqhelekileyo kwizinto eziqhelekileyo. Amafama alawulwa ngamatyala ajongene nokuchithwa.
I-Congress yayifuna ukukhusela abalimi baseMerika kwii-intanethi eziphantsi kwezolimo.
Kwakucebise ezinye iindleko zokuxhasa amaxabiso nokunika inkxaso kwizinto zokutya ngaphandle, kodwa uKalvin Coolidge wayebavotele bonke. Ngoko iCongress yatshintsha isicwangciso sayo. Yayifuna ukuphakamisa iintlawulo zeefama kwinqanaba elifanayo kunye neerhafu kwiimpahla ezenziwe. Ukukhuphula iirhafu bekusebenze kunye neThenneyney-McCumber Tariff ngo-1922.
Umthetho woTywala we-1930 ubizwa ngokuba ngabaxhasi bawo. Umongameli weConstable Willis Hawley waseOregon wayengumongameli weNdlu yeNdlela kunye neKomiti yeNdlela. USenin Reed Smoot wayefuna ukukhusela ibhizinesi yeswekile kwikhaya lakhe lase-Utah.
Njengoko umthethosivivinywa wonakalisa indlela yayo ngeCongress, yonke i-legislator yayifuna ukufaka izikhuselo kwiimveliso zamazwe abo. Ngomnyaka we-1929, umrhumo ohlawulelwayo ohlawulelwayo kwii-20,000 iimpahla ezizweni.
Abachumi bezoqoqosho, iinkokheli zoshishino kunye nabahleli bephephandaba baphikisana ngokupheleleyo nelo mthetho. Bayazi ukuba kuya kuba ngumqobo kumashishini angaphandle . Amanye amazwe aya kubuyisela. Iirhafu ziya kuphakamisa amanani angeniso.
Inkomfa iphikisana nomthetho osayilwayo njengoko imarike yemasheya yaphahlazeka ngo-Oktobha 1929 . Ngethuba lakhe lophulo likamongameli, uHerbert Hoover wayexelele ukulingana kwamanani amaninzi. Njengomongameli, waziva enyanzelekile ukuba enze kakuhle kwisithembiso sakhe.
Indlela eyabangela ngayo ukunyanzeliswa
Ixesha lebhayibhile yokuhamba ngeCongress lichaphazelekile kwimarike yemasheya.
- NgoMeyi 28, 1929. I-Smoot-Hawley idlulela iNdlu. Amanani e-Stock ahla ku-191 amanqaku.
- NgoJuni 19. I-Senate iRiphablikhi ihlaziya ibhilikhi. Imirhumo yeemarike, ukuhlawula phezulu kwe-216 ngoSeptemba 3.
- Ngo-Oktobha 21. I-Senate yongeza iintlawulo kwiizwe ezingenayo ifama. Ukushona kweemarike ezimnyama zeSango ngoLwesine.
- Ngo-Oktobha 31. Umviwa waseMongameli uHoover uxhasa i-bill. Abafokazi baqala ukurhoxisa imali.
- Ngomhla wama-24 kuMatshi ngo-1930. Amasheya awe.
- NgoJuni 17, ngo-1930. I-Hoover ibonisa umthetho-mthetho. Amasheya awela kwi-140 ngoJulayi.
Iirhafu zinyanzeliswa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso angama-45 ekhulwini. Izigidi zabantu baseMerika zaziphelelwe yinto yonke kwi-market crash. Ngobusuku, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwaba yizinto ezinokungaxhamli kuzo zonke izinto kodwa ezibutyebi. Kwakwenza kube nzima kulabo abalahlekelwa yimisebenzi yabo ukuba bancede nantoni na ngaphandle kwempahla yasekhaya.
ICanada, iYurophu kunye nezinye iintlanga zikhawuleza ngokuzibuyisela ngokuphakamisa iintlawulo kwii-US ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Ngenxa yoko, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kuye kwehla kwi $ 7 ezigidigidi ngo-1929 ukuya kwi-$ 2.5 yezigidigidi ngo-1932. Iifama ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kweefama zawela kwinqanaba le-1929 ngo-1933.
Urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe luye lwaba ngama-65 ekhulwini. Oku kwenza kube nzima kubavelisi baseMerika ukuba bahlale bezoshishino.
Ngokomzekelo, iirhafu ezithengiweyo ezigqithisiweyo zibophe iingubo ezingama-140. Izityalo ezingamakhulu amahlanu ase-US zasebenzisa abasebenzi abangama-60,000 ukusebenzisa izigubhi ukwenza iimpahla ezincinci. Abakhiqizi bemoto base-US bahlupheke kwiirhafu kwii-800 iimveliso ezazisetyenziswa. Ngelo xesha, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwaquka ama-5 ekhulwini yomkhiqizo osekhaya .
Izifundo zeSmoot-Hawley zanamhlanje
UMongameli uDonald Trump ukhuthaza ukubuyela kwi-tradeism ukukhusela imisebenzi yase-US. Ngokukhawuleza wasuka kwi- Trans-Pacific Partnership , isivumelwano esikhulu sezorhwebo ukususela kwi- NAFTA . Watshitshisa ukuba aphinde axoxise i-NAFTA ukuba iMexico ingavumi ukuhlawula udonga lwama-billion amabhiliyoni angama-20. Kwakhona waxwayisa uMexico kunye neChina ukuba aphakamise iirhafu ngamaphesenti angama-30 ukwenzela ukunciphisa ukulahleka kweentengiso ze-US ngalawo mazwe.
Ukukhuselwa kuya kuba nomphumo owonakalisa ngakumbi ngo-2017 kunokuba wenza ngowe-1929. Kungenxa yokuba ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kuqulethe i-13 ekhulwini ye- GDP yase-US . Uninzi lwalo luyile, iinqwelo zorhwebo kunye neemoto. La ma shishini ahlupheke kakhulu kwimfazwe yorhwebo. (Imithombo: "I-Smoot ne-Hawley, ama-Ghosts of Tariffs Past, Hunt i-White House," i-Guardian, uJanuwari 29, 2017. "I-Tariff ye-Smoot-Hawley kunye nokuPhukisa okukhulu," iCATO Institute, ngoMeyi 7, 2016.)