Iimpawu ezi-5 zoqoqosho lwendabuko
Uninzi lwezoqoqosho luyasebenza kwiimarike ezikhulayo kunye namazwe asakhulayo . Zihlala zihlala e-Afrika, e-Asia, eLatin America naseMbindi Mpuma.
Kodwa unokufumana iipokethi zoqoqosho lwendabuko oluqhekekileyo kwihlabathi.
I-Economists kunye ne-anthropologists bakholelwa ukuba zonke ezinye ezoqoqosho zithe zaqala njengezoqoqosho zendabuko. Ngaloo ndlela, balindele ukuba ezoqoqosho zendalo zitshintshe kwiimarike , umyalelo okanye uqoqosho oluxubekileyo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Iinkalo ezinhlanu zoMnotho weNdabuko
Okokuqala, uqoqosho lwendabuko oluphambili kwintsapho okanye kwisizwe. Basebenzisa izithethe ezifunyenwe kumava omdala ukuze zikhokele izigqibo zobomi kunye nosoqoqosho.
Okwesibini, uqoqosho lwendabuko lukhoyo kumzingeli-umqokeleli kunye noluntu oluqhekekileyo. Ezi nkampani zibandakanya indawo enkulu ukuze zifumane ukutya okwaneleyo ukuzinceda. Balandela imihlambi yezilwanyana ezizinzileyo, ezifudukelayo kunye nexesha. Abaqhubi abazingeli abazingelayo bahlala bekhuphisana namanye amaqela ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemithombo yobutyebi . Kukho isidingo esincinci sokurhweba kuba bonke badla kwaye bavelise izinto ezifanayo.
Okwesithathu, uqoqosho oluninzi luvelisa kuphela oko bafuna. Kukho nqalela i-surplus okanye i-surplus. Oku kwenza ukuba kungadingekile ukuthengisa okanye ukwenza imali.
Okwesine, xa ubutyebi bendabuko buburhweba, baxhomekeke kwi-barter. Iyakwenzeka kuphela phakathi kwamaqela angagqugquzeli. Ngokomzekelo, isizwe esithembele ekuzingeleni ukuzingela ukutya kunye neqela elithembela ekulobeni.
Ngenxa yokuba bathengisa inyama yeentlanzi, akukho mfuneko yokwenza imali enzima.
Okwesibini, uqoqosho lwendabuko luqala ukuguquka xa beqala ukulima nokuhlala phantsi. Basenokwenzeka ukuba babe ne-surplus, njengesivuno esingenasiphelo, abasebenzisa ukurhweba. Xa oko kwenzeka, amaqela adala uhlobo lwemali. Oko kuququzelela ukurhweba kwiindawo ezide.
Uqoqosho lweMixed Mixed
Xa uqoqosho lwendabuko lusebenzisana nemarike okanye ulawulo lwezoqoqosho, izinto ziguquka. Imali ithatha indima ebalulekileyo. Inceda abo boqoqosho bendabuko ukuba bathenge izixhobo ezingcono. Oko kwenza ukulima, ukuzingela okanye ukuloba kunenzuzo. Xa oko kwenzeka, baba ngumnotho odibeneyo wendabuko.
Uqoqosho lwezobuNtu lungaba neenkalo zobunkokheli- ntlangano , intlalo-ntlalo kunye nobuthixo . Kuxhomekeka kwindlela abayilwe ngayo. Iintlalo zezolimo ezivumela ukuba ubunini bamashishini abucala babandakanye i-capitalist. Iintlanga zengqungquthela zenza i-socialism ukuba zisasaza ukuveliswa kuye nawuphi na owona mvuzo. Kwintlalo-ntlalo, leyo ibizwa ngokuba "ngamnye kwisigxina sakhe." Oko kwakuya kwenzeka ukuba umzingeli obalaseleyo, okanye oyintloko, ufumene iinqununu ezikhethiweyo zenyama okanye izityalo ezilungileyo. Ukuba bayondla abantwana kunye nabalupheleyo kuqala, bayamkela i-communism.
Ithi "ngamnye kuye ngokweemfuno zakhe."
Inzuzo
Kukho ukungqubana phakathi kwamalungu. Kungenxa yokuba isiko kunye nesithethe sichaza ukusasazwa kwezibonelelo. Wonke umntu uyazigalelo zawo kwimveliso, nokuba ingaba ngumlimi, umzingeli okanye u-weaver. Amalungu ayaqonda kwakhona oko banokufumana. Nangona bengenelisekanga, abavukeli. Baqonda ukuba oko kugcinwe uluntu kunye nokusebenza kwizizukulwana.
Ekubeni uqoqosho lwendabuko luncinci, aluyikulimaza ukusingqongileyo njengoko uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho. Abanakho ukuvelisa okungaphezulu kweemfuno zabo. Oku kwenza ukuba zigcine zizinzileyo kunezobugcisa-based based.
Iingxaki
Uqoqosho lwezobuNtu lusetshenziselwa ukutshintshwa kwendalo, ingakumbi imozulu. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, uqoqosho lwendabuko lunciphisa ukukhula kwabemi.
Xa isivuno okanye ukuzingela kuhlwempu, abantu balambile.
Baye basengozini kwiimarike okanye kwiimali zoqoqosho. Lezo nkcubeko zidla ngokutya iindalo zemvelo zendalo zixhomekeka okanye zilwa nemfazwe. Ngokomzekelo, ukuphuculwa kweoli yaseRashiya eSiberia kwonakalise imilambo kunye ne-tundra. Ukunciphisa ukuloba kwendabuko kunye nokuxhamla kweminyango yenkcubeko yendabuko kule mimandla. (Umthombo: "7 Iingenelelo kunye neziNzuzo zoMnotho weNdabuko," iNavajoCode.)
U mzekelo
I-America yayinezoqoqosho zendabuko ngaphambi kokufuduka kwabantu baseYurophu ukususela ngo-1492. Uqoqosho lweMveli yaseMelika lwaluncedo, njengamajoni omzimba anamandla. Iindawo zabo ezincinci zibakhusele kwi-smallpox nakwezinye izifo ezingeniswe ngaphandle kwexesha. Kodwa ukuxhaphaza, imfazwe, kunye nokubhubhisa wabatshabalalisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uqoqosho lwabatsha baqala ukuwanika izixhobo kunye nezibonelelo ezininzi. Uqoqosho lwendabuko alukwazanga ukukhuphisana. (Umthombo: "I-Population Population Drop etholakala kumaMerika aseMelika," i-National Geographic, ngoDisemba 5, 2011. "Impilo yamaNdiya aseMerika ehla ngaphambi kweColumbus," iNzululwazi.)
I-United States yayinemiba emininzi yoqoqosho lwendabuko ngaphambi kokuSindezeleka okukhulu . Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ama-60 ekhulwini aseMerika ahlala kwiindawo zokulima. Ulimo luqeshwe ubuncinane kwi-40 ekhulwini labasebenzi. Kodwa basebenzise iindlela zokulima ezihlwempuzekileyo ukuhlangabezana nemfuno ephezulu emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Oku kwakhokelela kwi- Dust Bowl xa kwakunzima isomiso.
Ngo-1930, kuphela iipesenti ezingama-21 zabasebenzi bezolimo. Yenza iipesenti ezi-7.7 zeemveliso eziphambili zasekhaya.
Ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yesizwe, i-America yaseMzantsi Melika yayingumgaqo-qoqosho wendabuko. Kwakuxhomekeke ekulimeni. Yasebenzisa inethiwekhi eqinile yamasiko nenkcubeko yokukhokela. Le nto yabhujiswa yimfazwe. (Umthombo: UMnyango wezoLimo wase-US, i-20 yeeNguqulelo zezolimo.)
Abathathu kwi-Haiti yabemi baxhomekeke ekufuyweni kwezolimo ukuze baphile. Ukuxhomekeka kwabo emthini njengomthombo oyintloko wemfuyo uye wahlutha amahlathi emithi. Oku kwenza ukuba bafumaneke ingozi kwientlekele zemvelo, njengokwenyikima okwahlasela iHaiti ngo-2010 . Ezinye i-economics nazo zithetha ngesithethe saseHaiti sevoodoo njengesinye sezizathu zentlupheko. (Umthombo: "Uqoqosho lweHaiti," i-CIA World Factbook. "Kutheni iHaiti iphosakele kangaka?
Izizwe zendabuko e-Arctic, eNyakatho Melika, naseMpuma yeRashiya zinoqoqosho lwendabuko. Baxhomekeke ekulobeni nasekuzingeleni i-caribou ngobukho babo. Ngokomzekelo, abantu baseSaami baseScandinavia baphatha imihlambi yeentaba. Ubuhlobo belungu lomzi ekulawuleni umhlambi luchaza indima yakhe yezoqoqosho. Olu luquka isimo sakhe somthetho, inkcubeko kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yombuso kumntu ngamnye. (Umthombo: u-Lee Huskey, "Uqoqosho olushintshayo lwabantu baseMthonyama," iModyuli yesithandathu, iYunivesithi yaseAlaska eAnchorage.)