IRashiya yaxutywa yiSanti, iixabiso lexabiso le-oyile kunye neRuble engenamandla
Namhlanje, urhulumente unommandla weoli kunye negesi. I-Gazprom yinkampani yegesi kaRhulumente yaseRussia, kwaye ikhona iindawo ezinkulu zokugcina igesi. Kodwa ziyancipha, kwaye amaxabiso awile.
Amazwe anama-69 ekhulwini kaRosneft. I-BP inamaphesenti angama-20 kwaye abanye bayathengiswa esidlangalaleni. Kodwa uRossne uneengxaki ezinkulu zezezimali. Amanye amashishini aseburhulumenteni abaye afihliwe.
Uninzi lweengcali ziyavuma ukuba uqoqosho lwaseRussia lulawulwa yincongolo encinci yama- oligarchs anamandla . Laba bacebileyo bahlala okanye balawula amashishini abalulekileyo aseRashiya. Ngokuchasene nombono oqhelekileyo, uMongameli uVladimir Putin akalawuli ukulawula ii-oligarchs. Kunoko, udibanisa iimfuno zabo ezikhuphisanayo. Le nkqubo yaqala ngo-1400 ngexesha lokwandiswa kwe-Grand Duchy yaseMuscovy. Isebenza ngokuphumelelayo ngombuso wamaCzars kunye namaKomanisi.
Ukuxhatshazwa kweRashiya eUkraine kwayiphosa
Ngo-2014, iUnited States kunye neYurophu yaseYurophu yenze iimpawu zorhwebo kwiRashiya ngo-2014. Ezi zijoliswe kwiincwadi zokugcina iifowuni ze-oligarchs zelizwe. Ngenxa yoko, bathumele i-$ 75 billion kwilizwe.
Yiyo iipesenti ezi-4 zelizwe lonke. NgoJanuwari 2015, i- Standard & Poor iyinqumle i-Russia credit rating kwi- bond yangama-junk bond , okokuqala ngethuba elingaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi.
Ngo-2015, i- International Monetary Fund iyalumkise ngokucacileyo ukuba iRashiya iya kuba semali. Enyanisweni, uqoqosho lwaye lwafumana i-2.8 ekhulwini ngo-2015 kunye neepesenti ezingama-0.6 ngo-2016.
Kwakungekho nje izigwebo ezenzayo. Uqoqosho lwaseRashiya lwalukhubazekile ngamaxabiso aphantsi eoli kunye ne-ruble yokunciphisa.
Ngo-2014, iRashiya yahlasela iCrimea ukuba ikhusele ichweba layo elifudumele. UPutin waxhasa abavukeli ababefuna ukufumana ubukhokeli be-EU- Ukraine . Izixhobo zempi zaseRashiya zazisetyenziselwa ukudubula i-jet Malaysian Airlines jet ngoJulayi.
IRashiya NguMthengisi wamandla eYurophu
IRashiya inika iipesenti ezingama-30 zeoli yeYurophu kunye neepesenti ezingama-24 zegesi yendalo. Isebenzisa kakubi iipolitiki zezombutho ukufumana indlela yayo. Yahlasela iCrimea ukuba igcine ukufikelela kwindawo yokufudumala kwamanzi xa i-Ukraine yenza imizamo yokujoyina i-European Union. UPutin uyazi ukuba i-EU iyanqikaza ukukhusela i-Ukraine ngenxa yokuba ayikwazi ukulahlekelwa ngumbane waseRashiya.
Ngaba uPutin wayeya kwenza oko? Ngokuqinisekileyo. Ngonyaka ka-2006, wanqumla igesi kwi-Ukraine. I-Europe igesi kufuneka iphume nge-Ukraine. Wabamba i-gas hostage kwixabiso lokuphumelela ukuhlawula ixabiso eliphezulu.
UPutin wasebenzisa i-revenues yamandla ukuze ahluke kwamanye amashishini aseYurophu. Oko kuthetha ukuba nayiphi na inzamezo kwezoqoqosho lwaseRashiya ziya kubangela ukuba ezi nkampani zibuhlungu.
Kwakhona ubeka uxinzelelo kumakontrakta angaphandle kwamandla ekwandisa ukwabelana ngenzuzo kwiRashiya. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, iRashiya ine:
- Ukutshintsha ngokuqinisekileyo izivumelwano zalo neRoyal Dutch Shell ne-ExxonMobil.
- Kuyavunywa ilayisenisi yenkampani yamafutha aseRashiya eneRoline yokusebenza kwindawo yase ExxonMobil.
- Ikhuphe ilayisenisi yeShell yeprojekthi eyi-$ 20 yezigidi zeGesi eziNgciniweyo zeGesi kwisiqithi saseSakhalin-2.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-EU ixhalabisa ukuba i-Russia ayinaso isiseko sokuhlangabezana neemfuno zayo zamandla esizayo. Ukwenza oko, i-Russia idinga i-738 billion yezigidi-mali kwi-2020.
IRashiya yahlasela iJeorgia
Ngomnyaka we-2008, iRashiya isebenzisa imikhosi yayo yokugcina uxolo ngaphakathi kweGeorgia ukuze ibambe isixeko saseGori kunye nelizwe lase-Abkhazia. Le nto yayiphendule ukuhlasela kweGeorgia yeSouth Ossetia, elinye ilizwe elizimeleyo elikulo mda waseGeorgia kunye neRashiya. Abkhazia kunye neSouth Ossetia bafuna ukuzimela ngaphandle kweGeorgia.
I-Georgia iyindawo ephambili phakathi kweYurophu neAsia.
Ingongoma ebalulekileyo yokuthutha i-gas, i-oli kunye nezinye iimpahla ngokukwakha iipayipi ze-Baku-T'bilisi-Erzerum yegesi, kunye neKartshi yaseKars-Akhalkalaki. Enyanisweni, iRashiya yahlasela loo ndawo iqulethe i-Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan yombhobho yeoli, ene-British Petroleum.
Umongameli wangaphambili waseGeorgia uMikheil Saakashvili wenza intsebenziswano eMelika. IGeorgia ne-Ukraine, zombini amalungu e- World Trade Organisation , ayesongela ukuvimba ukutyunjwa kwe-WTO yase-Russia. IJamani kunye namanye amalungu e-EU avimbile i-US ezama ukunika ubulungu be-Georgia ne-Ukraine i- NATO .
Ubudlelwane obunzima beRashiya kunye ne-World Trade Organization
I-Russia yaba lilungu le-WTO ngo-Agasti 22, 2012. Oku kwavumela ukuba ishishini laseRashiya lifikeleleke kakhulu kwiimarike zangaphandle, ukuvumela uqoqosho lwayo ukuba lwandise ngaphezu kwamandla. Iinkampani zamanye amazwe ezifana neShell, iBoing neForld, ngoku ziyakwazi ukufumana inzuzo kwiintsebenziswano ezidibeneyo, kubandakanywa nokuhlola iRashiya yemithombo yegesi yendalo.
Ngo-2006, iRashiya kunye neUnited States basayina isivumelwano sokuthengisa esisemgangathweni esasinceda ubulungu bayo. Isivumelwano sokunciphisa iirhafu kwiimoto, sandisa ubunikazi belizwe langaphandle, kwaye likhusela amalungelo epropati. I-Russia ikhululile ukunyanzelisa kwayo ekuhloleni yonke imveliso yenyama.
I-US nayo iphinde ivume ubudlelwane obuqhelekileyo bezoRhwebo (PNTR) kunye neRashiya. Oko kuthetha ukukususa ixesha lokulwa kweNkqubela yeMfazwe eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Jackson-Vanik isilungiso edibanisa inzuzo yezorhwebo yase-US kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokufudukela kwamanye amazwe. I-Congress ivume iPNTR ye-Ukraine, eyaba ilungu le-WTO ngo-2008.
I-Gazprom neSakhalin-2
I-Russia ibeka inkampani yegesi ye-gas Gazprom ukulawula yonke igesi yendalo ilizwe elivelisa. Uninzi lwalo luthembathiswa kwiChina , eJapan namanye amazwe aseAsia. IRashiya isondele kwi-one-third of the reserves of gas, kodwa ilawula kuphela i-20% ngeGazprom.
I-Gazprom ithenge ubuninzi beprojekthi kwiprojekthi ye-Sakhalin-2 yamandla kwi-$ 7.45 yezigidigidi ngoDisemba 15, 2006. I-Sakhalin-2 iyona projekthi enkulu yokudibanisa i-gas-oil-oil kunye ne-20, ) eRussia.
I-Sakhalin-2 iya kufumana i-10% yeShellin Shelf emanxweme asenyakatho-ntshona yaseSiberia. I-Shelf iqikelelwe ukuba iqule eziyi-biliyoni zeebhali zeoli kunye ne-17.1 triliyoni zeenyawo zegesi yendalo. I-Sakhalin-2 yaqhutywa nguSakhalin Energy, iqumrhu le-Shell Oil e-Dutch kunye neenkampani zaseJapan iMitsui kunye neDamond Gas (Mitsubishi). Ngo-2005, i-Shell yaphindaphinda iindleko zokugqiba eziqikelelwa kwii-bhiliyoni ezingama-22, kwaye yandisa umhla wokugqiba ukuqikelelwa ukuya ngo-2008.
Ngo-2006, iRashiya yayisongela ukuba ikhuphe ilayisenisi yendalo yeprojekthi, ngenxa yokuba yayiza kubhubhisa indawo yokutya yokugqibela ye-123 Western Gray Whales, ekhokelela ekupheleni kwayo. Ingongelo yayiyiqhinga lokuvumela i-Gazprom ukuba ilawulwe yiprojekthi yezimali yangaphandle, ngoku eyi-80% epheleleyo. Ngale ndlela, iRashiya yafumana enye inzuzo kwintengiso yeoli kunye nerhasi.
Isivumelwano sokuqala, esasayinwe ngexesha leentsuku zeBelis Yeltsin, ayizange ivumele iRashiya ukuba izuze ukuba zonke iindleko zibuyiselwe. Xa amaxabiso egesi aphakama, iRashiya isebenzisa amandla ayo okulawula ukuphinda ixoxisane nemimiselo yesivumelwano.
Ngomhla ka-Meyi 2007, iGapprom yamemezela ukuthenga yonke igesi yendalo eyenziwe yiSakhalin-1, apho iJapan inotyalo-mali lwama-30%. Oku kuthetha ukuba yonke igesi yendalo iya kuRashiya, kwaye akukho nanye eJapan, nangona i-investment yezeminyaka kunye nobuchule bobuchwepheshe iinkampani zaseJapan eziswe kule projekthi. Esi simemezelo safika emva nje kweenyanga emva kokuba uGagprom wathenga ubunini besininzi eSakhalin 2.
I-Sakhalin-1 yayinzima ngakumbi ukuba iGazprom ithathe ngaphezu kweSakhalin-2, ngokutsho kweTass, i-news agency yaseRussia. Kungenxa yokuba i-Sakhalin-2 yayiza kuhlahloka uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali, ukunika urhulumente isizathu sokuba "ufumane" imimiselo engqongileyo eyaphuliwe. I-Sakhalin-1 isebenza njengoko ihleliwe, ngoko nayiphi na irhulumente eyoyithatha iya kuba yinto ecacileyo kwaye kunzima ukuyifaka. (Umthombo: I-Economist, iGeorgia neRashiya, i-Epreli 20, 3008; IHT, Ukulwa nokunyuka kweCaucasus, ngo-Agasti 9, 2008; I-CIA World Factbook)