Inhlekelele yeChernobyl yeNyukliya yamandla kunye neMpembelelo wayo wezoqoqosho

Kutheni Ixabisa Amakhulu Eebhiliyoni zeeDola

Ngo-Apreli 26, 1986, ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke kwimbali yenkampani yenyukliya yenzeke eChernobyl, eUkraine. Yakhupha i-radiation engaphezulu kunebhobho e-Hiroshima. Kungenxa yokuba imfucumfucu yomsakazo iqhutywe iiveki ezimbini. Kuthatha iinyanga eziyisixhenxe ukwakha indawo yokuhlala yasekhonkrithi kwi-reactor.

Inhlekelele yaseChernobyl yathintela ngokukhawuleza iRashiya , i- Ukraine kunye neBelarus. Ukukhululwa okukhulu kwezinto ezichithwa ngama-radioactive zisasazeka kwiindawo ezininzi zaseYurophu .

I-cesium-137 enobungozi, enexesha elide lobomi, isengxaki. Kukho amanqanaba okulinganisa kwimithombo kunye nokutya kwiindawo ezininzi zaseYurophu. Abantu abayizigidi ezihlanu basaphila kwiindawo ezinamaqondo aphakamileyo emisebe.

Yintoni Eyenzekayo eChernobyl?

Ngo-1: 23 ekuseni, i-Unit 4 yaqhuma kwaye yaphuka isitya se-reactor. Iphutha lomntu elibangele ukuqhuma. Abasebenzi bafuna ukufumanisa ukuba iifowuni zodwa zikwazi ukugcina inkqubo yokukhuseleka. Akwazanga ukuguqula i-reactor, ngoko ke bayinika amandla ukuya kuma-25 ekhulwini aqhelekileyo. Ukuqhuba uvavanyo kule nqanaba elingaphantsi, basuse inkqubo yokhuseleko.

Izinto azizange zihambe njengoko zicwangcisiweyo. Amandla okwenza amaconsi awela kuma-1 kweepesenti eziqhelekileyo. Xa beqala ukuyibuyisela phezulu kwinqanaba elifunayo, kuqhutywe amandla okuqhuma. Oko kwaqala ukuphendulwa kwezinto ezinobungozi. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo yokukhusela, yatshatyalaza ngokukhawuleza i-reactor.

Ukuqhuma kwaqhuma kwi-cap-1000 ton ton.

Amaqondo okushisa aphakama ngaphezu kwe-2000 ° C, adibanisa iintonga zamatye. Emva koko i-graphite igubungela izibonda zamatye abanjwe ngomlilo. Yatshisa iintsuku ezithoba, ngokukhawuleza ukukhulula imisebe.

Impembelelo yoqoqosho

Kule minyaka engama-20 ezayo, iindleko zeChernobyl zakhula zaba ngamakhulu amabhiliyoni eedola. Ngoba? Nazi izizathu ezi-12 eziphambili.

1. Umonakalo owenziwe ngqo ngengozi.
2. Iindleko zokutywinwa kwi-reactor. Iphazamiseka, ibonisa ukuba imeko yendalo ihlambuluke kwakhona. I-Yurophu yaseBurophu yoKwakha kwakhona noPhuhliso kunye neqela labaxhasi basemzini bayakha indawo. Kuya kugqitywa ngo-2017 kunye neendleko ezi-2.35 zama-euro.
3. Ukudalwa kwendawo yokungabikho yeekhilomitha ezingama-30 ezijikelezayo kwisityalo.
4. Ukuhlaliswa kwabantu abangama-330,000.
5. Unonophelo lwempilo kulabo bachaphazelekayo kumbane. Ukuvuza ngokukhawuleza kwanyusa abantu abayi-1,000 abanamaqondo aphakamileyo emitha. Abantwana abayizinkulungwane ezine kamva behla nomdlavuza we-thyroid ekuphuzeni ubisi obungcolileyo. Kwakhona, abasebenzi abangaphezu kwe-600,000 baxakeke. Abaninzi bafa okanye bafumana impilo enzima.
6. Abantu abayizigidi ezisixhenxe basenokufumana iintlawulo kwiRashiya, eUkraine naseBelarus. Okubangela ukuba i-Ukraine ibone ubuncinane ama-5 ekhulwini kwi-bhajethi yalo yonyaka kunye neBelarus ubuncinane ubuncinane be-6 ekhulwini.
7. Uphando ukufumanisa indlela yokuvelisa ukutya okungahlambulukanga.
8. Ukubeka iliso kumanqanaba emisebe yendalo.
9. Inkunkuma engcolileyo yokucoceka kunye nokulahla inkunkuma yomsakazo.
10. Iindleko zokususa iifama kunye namahlathi ekusebenziseni.
11. Ukulahlekelwa kwamandla kwisityalo saseChernobyl ngokwawo. Icandelo 4 lavalwa. Ama-Reactors 1, 2, kunye no-3 aqala kwakhona ngo-Oktobha 1986. Avelise amandla de kube nguDisemba 2000.

1. Ukukhanselwa kweprogram yamandla enyukliya yaseBelarus. I-Belarus iqikelela ukuba ilahleko ezingama-235 235 zilahlekelwa

Ingozi yayingeke kwenzeke ngexesha elibi kakhulu. I-Wall yaseBerlin yawa phantsi ngo-1990, iphelisa iSoviet Union. I-Ukraine kunye neBelrusrus bebefudula beyi-satellite eSSR. Ngoku, babejongene nokuzimela. I-Ukraine yayisisona "isitya sokutya" seSoviet. Ingozi yabhubhisa le nxaxheba. Kwakukho amancinci amancinci athatha indawo yawo.

Ingozi eyenza ukuphuhliswa kwoshishino olutsha kunzima. Zimbalwa iinkampani ezifuna ukutyalomali kwindawo esongelwa yimisebe. Ngubani ofuna ukuthenga umkhiqizo ophawulwe "Wenziwe eKhernobyl?"

Ukuthelekiswa Kwezinye iintlekele zeNyukliya

Ingozi yengozi yenyukliya kwindawo ehlala kuyo, indawo yoshishino ingaba phezulu. Kungenxa yokuba inhlekelele yaseChernobyl yenzeke kwingingqi yasemaphandleni yasemaphandleni.

Iimitha ezili-5 700 square, malunga nobukhulu beConnecticut, zihlambulukile.

Kwimiba ephakathi kwe-125 bhiliyoni ukuya kwii-250 ezigidigidi zeegidigidi , i- Hurricane Katrina iyabiza ngaphantsi. Ingqongqo yokukhula kwemveliso yasemakhaya yaya ku-1.3 ukuya kwi-4th kwikota ye-2005. Yathintela i-19 ekhulwini ye-oyile yokuvelisa ioli kunye namaxabiso egesi e- spiked ukuya kwi-5 yegolon.

Ingozi yenyukliya ka-2011 yaseFukushima yenze umonakalo omkhulu wezomnotho njengeChernobyl. Yanyanzelisa iJapan ukuba ivalwe i-11 ye-reactor. Yanciphisa ukuveliswa kombane ngamazwe ngama-40 ekhulwini. Akuzange ikhulule imirhumo eninzi.

I-Chernobyl ikhulule imisebe engaphezulu kweyingozi yeNuclear Mile Island . Kodwa i-Three Mile Island inokuba nempembelelo enkulu kwezoqoqosho. Kungenxa yokuba ivalwe ukuphuhliswa kwezityalo ezintsha zenyukliya eUnited States. Ingozi yenzeke ngo-1974. Kwakungekho zicelo ezintsha zezityalo kuze kube ngo-2007. Ngenxa yoko, iinkampani ze-nyukliya zase-US zilahlekelwe ngumncintiswano wazo nakwamanye amazwe.