Yintoni eyenza uKatrina ahlasele kangaka
UKatrina wayemkhulu ngaphambi kokuba enze ukuhlaselwa. Iphepho lomoya lomoya lafikelela kuma-nautical miles angama-75 empuma yeziko. Iimoya zayo ezinamandla zatyelela i-25 ukuya kwi-30 miles zama-nautical.Iziphophezele ukukhutshwa kwamaphesenti angama-75 eenqwelo-mafutha ezenziwe nge-819 kwiGulf of Mexico. Oko kwanciphisa umveliso weoli ngowesithathu.
Iimbali Ngexesha leNkantwa yeKonakaliso likaKatrina
I-inshurensi kunye nezinye iindleko: Iphepho iKatrina ixabisa i-$ 108 billion. I-inshurensi ibandakanya kuphela i-80 yezigidigidi zeerhafu. Umkhukula eNew Orleans wabangela isigxina somonakalo. Yatshatyalaliswa okanye yabangela amakhaya angama-300 000 angahlali. Yashiya ekuphumeni kwayo kwezigidi ezili-118 zeeyubhididi zee-debris. Oko kwenzeni imizamo yokucoca ingxaki engqondweni.
Iindleko zokunyaniseka kukaKatrina zaziyi-$ 250 yezigidi, ngokweNyuvesi yaseNorth Texas uProfesa Bernard Weinstein. Uquka umonakalo kunye nempembelelo yayo yezoqoqosho. I-Weinstein iqikelele ilahleko ezingabonwayo kwi $ 215 ezigidigidi, kunye nelahleko ezikhuselekile kwi-$ 35 yezigidigidi.
Isikhukula esikhulu kunazo zonke senzeke kwiWadi ye-9 yeNew Orleans. Kwakuyindawo ephantsi-ngeniso engenakuqinisekiswa. Ezi ngxelo zaxoxwa kwiyunivesiti ngeli xesha lesithathu sikaKatrina ngo-Agasti 28, 2008.
Iindleko zeoli: uKatrina wabonakalisa i-19 ekhulwini ye-oli yokuvelisa ioli. Yatshatyalalisa 113 i-oilshots kunye neerhasi eziqingqiweyo xa zidibene neNkanyamba uRita ezalandela emva koko.
Zonakalise i-oli ye-457 yeeyile kunye nefuthe kunye nefuthe elininzi malunga neoli njengenhlekelele ye- Exxon Valdez . Okubangela ukuba amaxabiso eoli ayenyuka ngama-3 e-barrel. Ixabiso leGesi laliphantse lifike kwi-5 ye-gallon. Ephendula, urhulumente wase-US wakhupha ioli kwiSicwangciso sePetroleum Reserves . Impembelelo kaKatrina ibonakaliswa kwixabiso lembali leoli .
Iindleko kwi-Economics yase-US: Uqoqosho lwase-United States lwakhula iipesenti ezi-3.8 kwikota ngaphambi kokuba uKatrina ahlasele. Emva koko, lalingama-1.3 ekhulwini kwikota yesine, ukususela ngo-Oktobha ukuya kuDisemba. Yilapho ilahleko zokuvelisa, ezifana nokuphazamiseka kwemibhobho yegesi, kuboniswe. Uqoqosho lwaluphilile ngokwaneleyo ukulukhupha. Ngokwe-Akhawunti zeSizwe zeBhunga loHlolo loQoqosho, libuyele kwizinga eliphezulu lokukhula kwepesenti e-4.8 kwimveliso engaphantsi kwekota ngowama-2006.
Inkcitho yabantu kunye nezilwanyana ezifuywayo: Kubaluleke kakhulu kwimpembelelo kubantu nasezilwaneni. UKatrina wakhupha abantu abangama-770,000. Oku kungaphezulu kokufuduka kweDust Bowl ngexesha lokuPhukisa okukhulu . Amawaka angamashumi asixhenxe anesihlanu abuya kuphela ukufumana amakhaya abo atshabalalise.
Ukufa kukaKatrina kwaba-1,836 abantu. Ukuguga kwakuyimpembelelo. Kulabo bafa, iipesenti ezingama-71 zaziyiminyaka engama-60 okanye ngaphezulu.
Ingxenye yabo yayingama-75 okanye ngaphezulu. Kwakukho ama-68 kumakhaya anesihlengikazi, mhlawumbi ashiywe ngabagcini bawo. Amagumbi amabini amabini ahamba engaziwa. Abantu abangaphezu kwama-700 babengenakulinganiswa. Isiqhwithi sabulala okanye sasingenamakhaya ama-600,000 ezifuywayo.
Yintoni Eyenzileyo?
UKatrina wayebuhlungu ngenxa yendlela yawo. Isiqhwithi sawo esingama-28 siphezulu siphumelele iimpazamo zobunjineli kwiindawo zokuhamba zaseNew Orleans. Yatshatyalalisa i-169 iekhilomitha ezili-350 ngeekhilomitha ezili-350. Oku kwandiswa ngamaphesenti angama-80 esi sixeko. AmaZamcolo awazange aphephe iiveki. Amanye amakhelwane apheliswa kwaye akaze aphinde abuye. Ukuba ama-levees ayebanjwe, izikhukhula zaziye zancitshiswa yi-sibini kwisithathu. I-Army Corps yeenjini ze-US ayizange ihlaziywe onke ama-levees eneenkxaso zokukhonkxa kwekhonkrithi. Amanye amahlaya awazange aphakame ngokwaneleyo. Ezinye zazakhelwa emhlabathini owaqhawula phantsi kwezikhukula.
Isizathu sokuba uKatrina awonakalise uqoqosho
Iqhwithela yabangela i-$ 260 yezigidi ukulimala kwichweba laseNew Orleans, nangona lalivulekile ukuthumela iinqwelo ngeveki kamva. Icandelo lezokhenketho le sixeko lenze i $ 9.6 yezigidigidi ngonyaka ngaphambi koKatrina. Kwakhangela iindwendwe ezingama-7.1 ngonyaka. Kufunyenwe kuphela izigidi ezi-2.6 ezikhenketho ngo-2006.
UKatrina wabetha intliziyo ye-sugarana yoshishini kunye ne-40% yesityalo. I-American Sugar Cane League iqikelele ukuba ixabiso lezityalo zonyaka zigidi ezingama-500. Le ndawo yaseLouisana yayinezityalo zeekhemikhali ezingama-50, ezivelisa iipesenti ezingama-25 zeekhemikhali zesizwe. Ulwandle olukufuphi lwaseMississippi lwaluhlala kwikhasibhothi e-12, eyathatha i-$ 1.3 billion ngonyaka. Isiqhwithi sawonakalisa imibhede ye-oysters kunye ne-industry shrimping industry.
Ukulimala kukaKatrina kukuthelekisa njani kwezinye iintlekele zeNdalo
Umonakalo omkhulu kaKatrina wawungavamile. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iindwangu ezithintela kwiLwandle oluLwandle lwaseMpuma zihlala zibangele umonakalo omkhulu. Kungenxa yokuba kukho ukugxininiswa kwezakhiwo eziphezulu eziphezulu.
Iphepho uHarvey yahamba phezu kweHouston iintsuku ezintathu. Lehlile imitha engama-51 emvula, eyona nto iqhankqalazo esisodwa kwilizwekazi laseMerika.
Iqhwithi i-Irma yayiyiSigaba sesi-5 xa safika ePuerto Rico ngoSeptemba 7, 2017. KwakuyiCandelo le-4 xa lichaphazela iPick West, eFlorida. Kwakuyiqhwithi esikhulu kunazo zonke e-Atlantic. Iimpi zayo ezingama-185 mph zadlula iiyure ezingama-37, irekhodi elitsha. Yondliwa ngamanzi angama-86, ifudumele ngokuthe ngqo kwi-Atlantic. Ukuba i-Irma ibetha i-Miami , umonakalo unokufikelela kwi-$ 300 yezigidigidi, ngokutsho kwe-inshurensi yaseSwitzerland Re.
Ukufudumala kwehlabathi kungenza iziphepho ezininzi ubukhulu buka Katrina. Kungenxa yokuba amaqondo okushisa afudumele avumela umoya ukuba ubambe umswakama. Ukunyuka kwamaqondo olwandle kwenza kubekho izikhukula ezikufutshane nasezidolophini zaseGulf Coast. Ukufudumala kwehlabathi kuphelile iipateni zezulu kwi-Gulf.