Kutheni amaMkhukula ayingozi ngaphezu kobugrogasi
Umonakalo omkhulu umlambo iMississippi umkhukula ubangela, kwaye uthintela njani uqoqosho? Yintoni enokuyenza ukuze kuthintele izikhukhula eziqhubekayo?
2011 Umkhukula
Umonakalo ukusuka kwindlabo ka-2011 yenza uluntu luhamba kunye noMlambo olukhuselekileyo kwizityalo ezizayo, ngokutsho kwe-US Army Core Engineers. I-Core yafumana i-$ 802 yezigidi kwiCongress ngoDisemba ukuchonga nokulungisa iindawo ezibuthathaka. (Umthombo: "Ukulimala komkhukula ngo-2011 ngoMeyi kwenza u-2012 kuninzi kuMlambo waseMisissippi," Incwadana yomshuwalense, ngoJanuwari 12, 2012.)
Gene Rench yeNkonzo yeSizwe yezulu yezulu ebizwa ngokuba ngumlambo we-Mississippi ka-2011 umcimbi wonyaka wama-500. Umkhulumeli wezobukhosi uBox Anderson wathi, "Akuzange kubekho umkhukula kule nkulu eMississippi." Iimvula ezinkulu zeqhwa, imvula emithathu enkulu yemvula, kunye neengqungquthela zango-Aprili zabangela izikhukhula ezivela eMlambo wase-Ohio.
Ukulinganiswa komonakalo wezoqoqosho jikelele kunokufikelela kwiibhiliyoni eziliqela. Ngoba? Umlambo waseMississippi ugijima kwiifama ezidlulileyo kunye nezixeko ezintandathu. Umhlali unenkxalabo yokuba umonakalo omkhulu kunomkhukula uza kuza ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi. Ngelo xesha liza kufika eNew Orleans, libuye lisindiswe kwiNkupho yeKatrina . Amagosa eSixeko avule iMorzaza Spillway, esindisa iSixeko saseNew Orleans, kodwa izikhukula zasemaphandleni kunye namakhaya asele ndleleni.
I-Army Corps yeenjiniya ziqikelele ukuba yayiza kuhlawula i-$ 2 yezigidigidi ukulungisa umonakalo obangelwa ngumkhukula wezi-2011. Nasi uqikelelo lomonakalo ngurhulumente:
- Umzila wezithuthi zomlambo, ukuthutha iibhiliyoni kwizityalo, kuye kwabambezeleka. Iikheninati ze-Riverboat zivaliwe ngeeveki ezi-6-8 (i-R14 million).
- Uqikelelo lomonakalo wezityalo zasemaphandleni lwaluphakamileyo njenge $ 2 billion (Ngethamsanqa, abalimi bahlala beneshuwalense yezolimo.)
- EMissouri - iihektare ezingama-130 000, amakhaya angama-100, kunye nabantu abangama-300 bekhukhula, bebiza ama-dollar ayizigidi ezingama-300.
- EKentucky - Ingaphezulu kweedola ezigidi eziyi-5 kumonakalo.
- IMemphis TN - Levees ikhusele i-dolophu, nangona imizi engama-1,300 kwiindawo ezikude yayikhukhulayo.
- I-Arkansas - Umkhukula wongezelela ubunzima be-$ 200 yezigidigidi ze-catfish industry.
- I-Mississippi - Ukuqikelelwa kweemali kwakuphezulu njenge $ 800 yezigidi.
- I-Louisiana - abantu abayi-25,000 babekhukhulayo xa ivule ivuliwe ukukhusela iNew Orleans. Ngoba? Ukuba uMlambo waseMississippi wawukhukula loo mzi, wawuza kuba nzima ngakumbi kuneSiphepho uKatrina. Umkhukula wawuya kusongela i-refinery ezilishumi ze-Louisiana, ezimele u-14% we-US amandla okusebenza. (Imithombo: i-Missourian, i-Army Corps yeejineli zePegs 2011 I-Damod Damage ku-$ 2 Billion, ngo-Septemba 15, 2011; i-USA namhlanje, i-CNN Imali)
Nangona ube ngumkhukula oneminyaka engama-500, umkhukula we-2011 awuzange ube nefuthe kuqoqosho lwamazwe ngamazwe aseJapan kunye ne-tsunami (iiligidi ezingama-300 zeebhilidi) okanye iHighter Katrina (i-$ 125-200 yeebhiliyoni ezilimele).
Umkhukula we-1993
I-Mississippi ka-1993 yayisisondlo esikhulu kunazo zonke e-US senkulungwane ye-20. Yakha iibhiliyoni ezingama-20 kwiindleko zezoqoqosho. I-NOAA ibike ukuba ama-acre angaphezu kwama-20 eekrekhodi ezilisithoba zikhukhulile. Abantu abangaba ngu-54,000 baphuthunyiswa, ngelixa ama-50,000 amakhaya atshabalaliswa okanye abonakaliswe. Umkhukula wagxininisa iidolophu ezili-75, ezinye zazo azizange zakhiwe kwakhona.
Nangona kunjalo, umkhukula we-1993 wawunomphumela omncinci kwi- GDP , ukungasebenzi kunye nokukhula kwamashishini. Uphononongo luka Yu Yuiao weYunivesithi yase-Illinois luchaze ukuba "Emva kweminyaka emibini emva kwesi siganeko, akukho miphumo ebonakalayo engabonakaliyo kulezi zibonakaliso zezoqoqosho kwiinkalo zengingqi, zaseburhulumenteni nakwinqanaba."
Great Mississippi ka 1927
Umkhukula we-1927 wawuyingozi kakhulu kwimbali yase-US. Abantu abangaphezu kwama-600,000 bafuduswe, ngelixa ama-500 afa, ngenxa yezikhukula ezikhusele ii-acre eziyi-1 kunye neenyawo zamanzi angama-30. Yatshintshe indlela urhulumente wase-US olawula ngayo i-Mississippi, okubangele inkqubo epheleleyo yokukhusela ikhusela imiphumo emibi kakhulu. Phantse ama-300 000 aseMerika aseMelika ayanyanzelekile ukuba ahlale kwiinkampu zababaleki ngeenyanga. Oku kwabangela ukufuduka kwamanzi ase-Afrika eMelika kumadolophu asentla.
Impembelelo yoqoqosho lweMichamo iMicrosoft
Ukwesaba kwezinto zokucoca iioli ezikhukula kwamanzi kwandisa ixabiso lentengo kwi-3 3.98 ngegolon. Oluloyiko luxhasana nokuvulwa kwee-spillways, kwaye ixabiso legesi liye labuyela kwi-$ 3.96 ngegolon.
Uninzi lweendleko zokukhukula iindleko zabathengi. Batshi Oku akuyi kubakhokelela ekukhuselweni ngaphandle kwemigangatho karhulumente.
Ngo-2011, iNkqubo kaNondyebo yoNgcwala-mali kaZwelonke yayisele i-18 billion yezigidi-mali, ngokutsho kukaPhilly.com. Kwakungenxa yeziphepheko uKatrina, uGustav no- Ike . Iindleko ezongeziweyo zandisa ukuphulukana kazwelonke kunye namatyala .
Amanani okutya abuye ahambe, kuxhomekeke ekukhawulezeni kwamanzi amaninzi. IiSoybe, ingqolowa, ilayisi kunye nekotoni zitsalwe kwindawo yoMlambo i-Mississippi entwasahlobo xa kwenzeka izikhukhula. Ukongezelela, amanzi amankhukula atyhula umhlaba wezondlo ezifunekayo. Oku kwandisa iindleko kumafama kodwa kunika inzuzo kwiinkampani zengcambu.
Kwiphepha lesecaleni - Kubonakala sengathi izixhobo ezinomlilo ziza kusinda umkhukula ongekho, ngenxa yobuchule babo bokufaka iinqwelo zokungena ngamanzi. Nangona oku kuhambelani nezoqoqosho, ndabona le vidiyo ecacileyo ebonisa indlela.