I-Scary Thing Inokuthi Iyakwenzeka kwakhona
Ukungabikho kwemvula kwabulala izityalo ezazigcinwe umhlaba. Xa umoya wavuthela, zavelisa amafu amakhulu. Yayifaka iindunduma zokungcola kuyo yonke into, iquka izindlu.
Uthuli lwalugxothwa imfuyo kwaye lwabangelwa i-pneumonia kubantwana. Ekubi kakhulu, isiqhwithi satshisa uthuli eWashington, DC
Inkomfa kunye nothuli bachithe inxalenye enkulu yemveliso yezolimo yase-US. I-Dust Bowl yenza ukuba ukunyamezeka okukhulu kukubi nakakhulu.
Izizathu
Ngowe-1930, iipatheni zemozulu zashintsha phezu kolwandle lwaseAtlantic nasePacific. IPacific yakhula yancinci ngaphezu kweqhelekileyo kwaye iAtlantic yafudumala. Intsebenziswano yabuthakathaka kwaye yatshintsha isalathiso se-jet stream. Loo moya womoya ngokuqhelekileyo uthwala umswakama ukusuka kwiGulf of Mexico ukuya kwiiNtlambo eziMkhulu. Emva koko idibana nemvula xa ifikelela kwiiRockies. Xa umlambo we-jet uhambela ngasemzantsi, imvula yayingazange ifike kwiiLwandle eziLwandle.
Intaba ende yenkangala emva kokukhusela i-top of the Midwest. Kodwa emva kokuba amafama ahlalisa izidumbu, balima ama-acre angama-5.2 yeziqhamo zengca enzulu. Iminyaka yokulima ngokubanzi yayithetha ukuba umhlaba ulahlekelwe ubutyebi bawo. Xa isomiso sabulala izityalo, imimoya ephezulu yavuthela i-topsoil eseleyo.
Icandelo leMiddle Midwest alisayi kuphinda lifumane.
Umlinganiselo
Kwakukho amaza amane omlambo, omnye emva kwesinye. Zenzeka ngo-1930-31, 1934, 1936, no-1939-1940. Kodwa kwakunjengomsele owodwa. Kungenxa yokuba imimandla echaphazelekayo ayikwazi ukuhlaziya ngaphambi kokuba ilandele enye. Isomiso sokugcina asizange siphele ngowe-1940.
1930-1931: Isomiso sokuqala sabhubhisa ama-23 e-Mississippi nase-Ohio. Kwafika kude empuma njengendawo yommandla wase-Atlantiki kwaye yahlasela amazwe asibhozo ase-Southern. Kwakuyinkqenkqela kunazo zonke kwi-Arkansas ye-20 leminyaka. Ukuchaswa ngexesha loxinzelelo lwaqhuba ixabiso lekotoni ukusuka kwi-16.79 cents nganye kwipondo ngo-1929 ukuya ku-5.66 iisenti ezili-pounds ngo-1931. Ukomelela kunciphise ukuvunwa kwekotoni kwii-bales ezintandathu nge-acre ukuya kwiibales ezimbini nge-acre ngexesha elifanayo. Kubiza amafama amaninzi ukuba atyale ikotoni kunokuba ayithengise. Phakathi kweepesenti ezingama-30 kunye neepesenti ezingama-50 ze-Arkansas izityalo zahluleka. Ngenxa yoko, abalimi abakwazi ukuvelisa ukutya okwaneleyo. UMongameli uHoover wenqaba ukunceda. Wayekholelwa ukuba kuya kubangela ukuba abantu babe buthathaka. UMnqamlezo obomvu wanika i-$ 5 yezigidi ukutyala imbewu. Isityalo kuphela esiza kukhula saba yi-turnips. Njengoko isamba saqhubeka, iCongress yabela i-45 million yezigidi zembewu kunye ne-20 million yezigidi zokutya.
Ngowe-1932, kwakukho izivunguvungu ezili-14. Ngomnyaka we-1933, okwenyuka ukuya kuma-48.
Ngowe-1934: Isomiso sesithathu senza umnyaka onyaka kakhulu kunyaka-2014. Kwakukho iintsuku ezingama-29 ezilandelelanayo kunye namaqondo okushisa angaphezu kwe-100 degrees. Phantse iipesenti ezingama-80 zelizwe zibhalise iimeko ezimeleyo zethambo. Ngomhla ka-Apreli 15, 1934, isiqhwithi esikhulu sothuli senzeke.
Kamva kwathiwa ngeCawa yeSundu. Kwiiveki ezimbalwa kamva, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wadlulisela uMthetho woLondolozo loMhlaba. Wafundisa abalimi indlela yokutshala ngendlela egcinekileyo.
Ngowe-1936: Isomiso sabuya ngehlobo elishisa kakhulu kwi-recor d. Ngo-Juni, iibhozo ezisebushumi zifumana amaqondo okushisa kuma-110 okanye ngaphezulu. Bebe-Arkansas, e-Indiana, eKentucky, eLouisana, eMississippi, eMissouri, nase-Nebraska naseTennessee. NgoJulayi, ukutshitshiswa kwentsholongwane kwathatha amanye ama-12. Babengama-Iowa, eKansas (ama-degrees angama-121), eMadgan, eMichigan, eMinnesota, eNew Jersey, eNorth Dakota (i-degrees ezili-121), e-Oklahoma (120 degrees), ePennsylvania, eMzantsi Dakota (120 degrees), eWest Virginia naseWisconsin. Zonke ezi ziqhekeza okanye zibophe iirekhodi zazo zokushisa. Ngo-Agasti, iTexas yabona ukushisa kwamaqondo angama-120. Kwakhona kwakufudumeza ukushisa komlilo kwimbali yase-US, kwabulala abantu abayi-1,693.
Abanye abantu abangama-3 500 bamela ngelixa bezama ukupholisa.
1939 - 1040: Ukufudumala kunye nesomiso kwabuya ngo-1939 no-1940. ILouanaana yafumana iintsuku ezili-115 ezilandelelanayo iintsuku ezingama-90 phakathi kweJuni 9 noSeptemba 29, 1939. Leyo yirekodi ye-mpuma ye-United States.
Ngo-1941, amanqanaba emvula abuyele kumanqanaba asondeleyo. Imvula yanceda ekugqibeleni ukuCaluleka koMkhulu .
Indawo
I-Dust Bowl yathintele yonke iMidwest. Into eyona nto yenzeke inkunkuma kwi-Oklahoma panhandle. Kwakhona kwabhubhisa intlaba yesibini kwi-Texas panhandle. Kwafika kwinxalenye esemntla-mpuma yeNew Mexico, ininzi ye-mpuma yeColorado ne-western wesithathu yeKansas. Ikhusele iihektare ezili-100 kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo ezili-500 ngeekhilomitha ezingama-300. Ngomnyaka we-1934, isomiso saphepha iipesenti ezingama-75 zelizwe, ezichaphazela ama-27 amazwe.
Indlela Echaphazela Ngayo Uqoqosho
Iziphepho ezinkulu zothuli zanyanzelisa amafama ngaphandle kwezoshishino. Balahlekelwa bobabini ubomi babo namakhaya abo. Ukuchaswa kwi-Depression kuye kwandisa ububi beefama ze-Dust Bowl. Amanani kwizityalo abaye bakwazi ukukhula awela phantsi kwezinga lokuphila. Ngomnyaka we-1932, urhulumente wezepolisi wathumela uncedo kumazwe achaphazelekayo kwesomlala.
Ngomnyaka we-1933, abalimi babulala iihagu ezigidi ezi-6 ukunciphisa ukuthengiswa nokunyusa amaxabiso. Uluntu lubhikisha ukulahlwa kokutya. Ekuphenduleni, urhulumente wezepolisi wadala i-Surplus Relief Corporation. Oko kuqinisekisile ukuba umlinganiselo ogqithisileyo wefama uhambe ukondla ihlwempu. Emva koko, iNgqungquthela yabela iimali zokuqala ezibekwe uphawu lokufumana isondlo.
Ngo-1934, abalimi bathengise iipesenti ezili-10 zazo zonke iifama. Isiqingatha sazo zithengiswa ngenxa yokudakumba kunye nesomiso. Ngowe-1937, amafama angaphezu kweyodwa kwabahlanu aphezu kwimeko yokuxakeka kwexesha likaxakeka. Imindeni yafudukela eKalifornia okanye kwiidolophu ukufumana umsebenzi owawungekho ngexesha abafika kuyo. Abaninzi baphela bahlala "njenge-hobos" engenamakhaya. Abanye babehlala emagqabini abizwa ngokuthi " iHoovervilles ," ebizwa ngokuba nguMongameli uHerbert Hoover.
Ngowe-1936, iipesenti ezingama-21 zazo zonke iintsapho zasemaphandleni kwiIntlambo eziMkhulu zafumana ukuxhaswa kwexesha likaxakeka. Kwezinye iibalo, kwaphakama iipesenti ezingama-90.
Ngomnyaka we-1937, i-Administration Progress Administration yabika ukuba isomiso kwakuyimbangela eyona nto yokukhupha kwisifunda seDust Bowl. Ngaphezu kweyesibini kweyesithathu kwaba abalimi. Uncedo olupheleleyo luqikelelwa kwi-1 billion yezigidi ngee-1930 zeedola. Ingxelo ibone ukuba ilahleko kwi-Dust Bowl zathintele lonke uqoqosho lozwelonke . I-Dust Bowl yonakalisa kakhulu imiphumo yoLwaphulo Olukhulu .
Indlela Engahle Yenzeke kwakhona
I-Dust Bowl inokwenzeka kwakhona. I-Agribusiness ixuba amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kwi-Ogallala Aquifer amaxesha asibhozo ngokukhawuleza kunokuba imvula ibuyiselwe. I-Aquifer isuka eMzantsi Dakota ukuya eTexas. Ikhaya lemboni ye-20-billion-year-year ekhula malunga neyesihlanu ye-United States 'yengqolowa, ingqolowa nenkomo yenkomo. Unika malunga neepesenti ezingama-30 zesizwe sokunkcenkceshela kwamanzi. Kwizinga langoku lokusetyenziswa, amanzi aphantsi komhlaba aya kuhamba ngenkulungwane. Icandelo le-Texas Panhandle sele selisebenza lome. Iingcali zenzululwazi zithi kuya kuthatha iminyaka engama-6 000 ukuzalisa i-aquifer.
Okumangalisa kukuba, inkxaso-mali yezolimo zombuso ixanduva lokususa i-Ogalla Aquifer. Ezi ncediso zaqala njengenxalenye yeNtsha entsha . Baye banceda iintsapho ezincinci zeefama zihlala emhlabeni kwaye zixhomekeke kwiDust Bowl iminyaka. Ngoku, inkxaso yokuhlawula iifama zeenkampani zikhule zonke iintlobo zezityalo. Ingqolowa yokutya kweenkomo yona mkhulu kakhulu, iyancipha ama-40 ekhulwini kwenkomo yenkomo yondlo.
Abalimi beCotton baseTexas bafumana iibhiliyoni ezingama-3 ngonyaka kunyxaso-mali. Bahambisa amanzi kwi-Aqualula yase-Ogallala ukuze bakhule i-fiber engasetyenziswanga e-United States. Yithunyelwa eChina , apho yenziwe kwiingubo ezincinci ezithengiswa kwiivenkile zaseMelika.
Ezinye iinkxaso zikhuthaza abalimi ukuba bakhulise ingqolowa ye-ethanol bio-fuel. Inani leendawo zokuvelisa kuMmandla oPhezulu lweNxweme ziphindwe kabini. Ekuphenduleni, abalimi banda ukwanda kwemveliso yengqolowa, bachitha ezinye iililiyoni eziligidi ezili-120 ngonyaka.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi inkunkuma yamanzi, isiphumo sinye. Emva kokuba amanzi ephuma, iiLwandle eziMkhulu zingaba yindawo yenye inhlekelele yendalo . Abalimi baya kuphinda bahambe kuloo ndawo kwiindawo.
Ezi ezishiya ziya kutshintshela kwingqolowa, i-sorghum, kunye nezinye izityalo ezizinzileyo, eziphantsi. Abanye baya kuphucula imimoya eqhubekayo eyenza i-Dust Bowl ukuqhuba iifama ezinkulu zomoya. Abambalwa baya kuvumela indawo enokuthi ibuyiselwe kuyo. Oku kuya kunika indawo yokuhlala kwimihlaba yasendle, okwenza indawo ithandeke kubazingeli kunye ne-ecotourists ngokufanayo. (Imithombo: "Ukusinda kwi-Dust Bowl," iNkonzo yokuSasazwa koLuntu. "Imba eMinyaka ye-Dust Bowl," I-National Drought Mitigation Center ". Ukulima kuma-1930," Imbali yePhilima.